Developing countries often have poor monitoring and reporting of weather and crop health, leading to slow responses to droughts and food shortages. Here, I develop satellite analysis methods and software tools to predict crop yields two to four months before the harvest. This method measures relative vegetation health based on pixel-level monthly anomalies of NDVI, EVI and NDWI indices. Because no crop mask, tuning, or subnational ground truth data are required, this method can be applied to any location, crop, or climate, making it ideal for African countries with small fields and poor ground observations. Testing began in Illinois where there is reliable county-level crop data. Correlations were computed between corn, soybean, and sorghum yields and monthly vegetation health anomalies for every county and year. A multivariate regression using every index and month (up to 1600 values) produced a correlation of 0.86 with corn, 0.74 for soybeans, and 0.65 for sorghum, all with p-values less than 10 − 6 . The high correlations in Illinois show that this model has good forecasting skill for crop yields. Next, the method was applied to every country in Africa for each country’s main crops. Crop production was then predicted for the 2018 harvest and compared to actual production values. Twenty percent of the predictions had less than 2% error, and 40% had less than 5% error. This method is unique because of its simplicity and versatility: it shows that a single user on a laptop computer can produce reasonable real-time estimates of crop yields across an entire continent.

Crop yields are strongly dependent on the average climate, extreme temperatures, and carbon dioxide concentrations, all of which are projected to increase in the coming century. In this study, a statistical model was created to predict US yields to 2100 for three crops using low and high-emissions future scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). The model is based on linear regressions between historical crop yields and daily weather observations since 1970 for every county in the US. Yields were found to be most strongly dependent on heat waves, summer average temperatures, and killing degree days; these relationships were hence used to predict future yields. The model shows that warming temperatures will significantly decrease corn and soybean yields, but will not have as strong of an influence on rice. Before accounting for CO 2 fertilization, crops in the high-emissions scenario are predicted to produce 77%, 85%, and 96% of their expected yield without climate change for corn, soybeans, and rice, respectively. When a simple CO 2 fertilization factor is included, corn, a C4 plant, increases slightly, while the yields of the C3 plants (soybeans and rice) are actually predicted to increase compared to today's yields. This study exhibits the wide range of possible impacts of climate change on crop yields in the coming century, and emphasizes the need for field research on the combined effects of CO 2 fertilization and heat extremes.Climate 2019, 7, 40 2 of 17 century [6]. Agriculture is a substantial portion of the economy, and crop yields are highly dependent on temperature. Other impacts are more difficult to put a price on, such as biodiversity and ecosystem loss. The currently accepted cost of carbon dioxide when considering these externalities varies between $37 and $220 per ton emitted [7]. Warming Temperatures Impact AgricultureThe United States produces 41% of the world's corn and 38% of the world's soybeans, two of the four largest crop sources of caloric energy [8]. These crops are thus crucial to food security, and understanding how their yields will change in the next century could help drive more informed policy decisions.The growing world population requires a larger food supply. Historical improvements in crop yields from agricultural technology (e.g., pesticides, fertilizers, farm machinery, gene modification, and shifting of production to large corporations [9]) have kept up with increasing demand for several decades, but it is doubtful that yields will continue to grow at the same rate as they have since 1970. Population is unlikely to stop growing this century, and by 2100 there will be between 9.6 and 12.3 billion people on earth [10]. Research has shown that yields are projected to drop in coming decades due to warming temperatures and the potential emergence of virulent crop diseases [11,12].Crop yields are strongly dependent on the weather and may be predicted from observed weather events during the growing season [13][14][15][16]. Over 60% of yield variability in global breadbaskets can be explained by...

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