A testability transformation is a source-to-source transformation that aims to improve the ability of a given test generation method to generate test data for the original program. We introduce testability transformation, demonstrating that it differs from traditional transformation, both theoretically and practically, while still allowing many traditional transformation rules to be applied. We illustrate the theory of testability transformation with an example application to evolutionary testing. An algorithm for flag removal is defined and results are presented from an empirical study which show how the algorithm improves both the performance of evolutionary test data generation and the adequacy level of the test data so-generated

SUMMARYA new comprehensive techno-economic analysis method for power generation systems with CO 2 capture is proposed in this paper. The correlative relationship between the efficiency penalty, investment increment, and CO 2 avoidance cost is established. Through theoretical derivation, typical system analysis, and variation trends investigation, the mutual influence between technical and economic factors and their impacts on the CO 2 avoidance cost are studied. At the same time, the important role that system integration plays in CO 2 avoidance is investigated based on the analysis of a novel partial gasification CO 2 recovery system. The results reveal that for the power generation systems with CO 2 capture, the efficiency penalty not only affects the costs on fuel, but the incremental investment cost for CO 2 capture (U.S.$ kW À1 ) as well. Consequently, it will have a decisive impact on the CO 2 avoidance cost. Therefore, the added attention should be paid to improve the technical performance in order to reduce the efficiency penalty in energy system with CO 2 capture and storage. Additionally, the system integration may not only decrease the efficiency penalty, but also simplify the system structure and keep the investment increment at a low level, and thereby it reduces the CO 2 avoidance cost significantly. For example, for the novel partial gasification CO 2 recovery system, owing to system integration, its efficiency can reach 42.2%, with 70% of CO 2 capture, and its investment cost is only 87$ kW À1 higher than that of the reference IGCC system, thereby the CO 2 avoidance cost is only 6.23$ t À1 CO 2 . The obtained results provide a comprehensive technical-economical analysis method for energy systems with CO 2 capture useful for reducing the avoidance costs.

PurposeUrinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a novel source of biomarkers. However, urinary Tamm–Horsfall Protein (THP; uromodulin) interferes with all vesicle isolation attempts, precipitates with normal urinary proteins, thus, representing an unwanted “contaminant” in urinary assays. Thus, the aim is to develop a simple method to manage THP efficiently.Experimental designThe uEVs are isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) and treated with a defined solution of urea to optimize release of uEVs from sample. Presence of uEVs is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and proteomic profiling in MS.ResultsUsing HFD with urea treatment for uEV isolation reduces sample complexity to a great extent. The novel simplified uEV isolation protocol allows comprehensive vesicle proteomics analysis and should be part of any urine analytics to release all sample constituents from THP trap.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe method brings a quick and easy protocol for THP management during uEV isolation, providing major benefits for comprehensive sample analytics.

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