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This paper presents a finite element analysis of a composite shaft under dynamic variable fatigue loading. The object of this study is the behavior of the fatigue life of a composite shaft under dynamic variable fatigue loading. The fatigue life of the shaft is then determined by analyzing the stress distribution and its effect on the material's fatigue strength. The investigation of fatigue behavior involves evaluating factors such as stress concentrations, fatigue crack initiation and propagation, and the cumulative damage caused by cyclic loading. The study explores the impact of biaxial loading on the shaft's fatigue performance and provides insights into its significance in predicting fatigue life and it is 10e7 cycles. Furthermore, a damage indicator is predicted to assess the accumulated damage and monitor the progression of fatigue-related degradation. This indicator serves as a valuable tool for predicting the remaining useful life of the composite shaft. The equivalent alternative stress is calculated to characterize the combined effect of different loading conditions on the fatigue life of the composite shaft. By quantifying the stress level and variations experienced by the structure, this parameter allows for a comprehensive assessment of the fatigue performance under variable loading scenarios 250 N. The findings of this research contribute to the understanding of fatigue behavior in composite shafts under dynamic variable fatigue loading. The insights gained from the fatigue life investigation, biaxiality indication, damage prediction, and equivalent alternative stress calculation can aid in optimizing design considerations, maintenance planning, and enhancing the reliability and durability of composite shafts in various engineering applications

Attributable to the probability of rapidly increasing numbers of diabetic patients in the world, and due to the effect of COVID-19 virus and the hazardous of life-jeopardizing critical cases that require continuous nursing monitoring the glucose level (CNMGL). The contamination possibility and the pain of the traditional measuring systems limiting the number of blood glucose checking, which decreases the diabetic patient controlling their blood glucose level (BGL). Now the indigency for a non-invasive glucose detecting system (NIGDS) is highly praised. The aim of the review of the NIGMS and their challenges to the future transcend these challenges. The last reviews of NIGDS discuss the measuring system concerned with their techniques but this study has been reviewing the detection system by their measuring site and collects the complication of measuring systems in each site. The main contribution of our works is to demonstrate that all the previous studies of glucose detection systems depend on the invasive calibration for each patient before starting the measurements due to the high numbers of parameters that interfere with glucose measurements. Toward NIGDS that is wearable and monitors the patient blood glucose continuously.

Due to increasing numbers of diabetic patient and the dangerous of life threatening some cases that need a continuous monitoring of the glucose level. Recently the demand for a non-invasive system is raised. This study aims to design an optimized noninvasively acousto-optic monitoring glucose system device to limit the possibility of secondary risk that raised from infection of invasive blood sample or from glucose fluctuation due to fewer number of glucose checking. There is a great demand for painless, glucose sensitive and commercial equipment. The current design methodology depends on the liaison between the penetrated electromagnetic wave through tissue and glucose level based on acousto-optic interaction technique. We can exceed the complication of acousto-optic design for biological tissue testing practically, the complication are with light and sound penetration, heat generation, and others. This work study both of Raman-Nath and Bragg interaction methods of acousto-optic technique with their advantages and disadvantages, with the possibility to reach the optimization in sensing blood glucose.

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