Validity evidence based on internal structure is important for psychological measurements and this internal structure can be evaluated by factor analysis. Two types of factor analysis are often conducted on psychometric tests: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This study compared the groupings of the 30-item Indonesian version of the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS-Bahasa Indonesia), using both CFA and EFA. The CFA of the data sample from 1,168 undergraduates indicated that all dimensions and sub dimensions of the AMS-Bahasa Indonesia had good internal structural validity. Each subdimension, dimension, and variable of the AMS-Bahasa Indonesia fulfilled the goodness of fit criteria (RMSEA ≤ 0.08; GFI ≥ 0.9; CR ≥ 0.7). The EFA showed that all items of the three dimensions grouped perfectly as designed by Vallerand et al. (1992), and the factor loading values of all items are greater than or equal to 0.4. Although there are cross loadings of items, it can be explained as why it occurs. The results of the internal consistency analysis showed that the AMS-Bahasa Indonesia is a reliable measurement (α ≥ 0.7). In conclusion the AMS-Bahasa Indonesia is a valid instrument for measuring academic motivation accurately and reliably. Analisis Faktor Eksploratori dan Konfirmatori pada Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)-Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak Pembuktian validitas berdasarkan struktur internal adalah satu dari lima sumber bukti validitas untuk mengevaluasi validitas alat ukur psikologis. Analisis faktor adalah salah satu cara untuk membuktikan validitas berdasarkan sumber bukti struktur internal. Umumnya, terdapat dua jenis analisis faktor digunakan untuk pengujian psikometri, yaitu confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) dan exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Penelitian ini membedakan hasil pengelompokan tiga puluh butir academic motivation scale (AMS)-Bahasa Indonesia bedasarkan CFA dan EFA. Berdasarkan CFA dari sampel sebanyak 1.168 orang mahasiswa, diketahui bahwa semua dimensi dan sub-dimensi AMS-Bahasa Indonesia memiliki validitas struktur internal yang cukup baik. Setiap sub-dimensi, dimensi, dan variabel memenuhi semua ukuran goodness of fit (RMSEA £ 0,08; GFI ³ 0,9; CR ³ 0,7) dan dalam EFA ditemukan bahwa butir-butir dari ketiga dimensi mengelompok secara sempurna seperti yang didesain oleh Vallerand et al. (1992), ditunjukkan dari besaran factor loading semua butir lebih besar sama dengan 0,4. Sekalipun terdapat beberapa butir yang ditemukan cross loading namun pengelompokan tersebut dapat dijelaskan secara konseptual mengapa hal tersebut terjadi. Pada evaluasi validitas ini juga dilakukan pengujian konsistensi internal. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa AMS-Bahasa Indonesia adalah alat ukur yang reliabel (α ³ 0,7). Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa AMS-Bahasa Indonesia adalah alat ukur yang valid sehingga dapat digunakan mengukur motivasi akademik secara akurat dan terpercaya.

The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing states that there are five resources for evidence of validity which need to be examined in the evaluation of a measurement implement. The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) - Short Indonesian Language Version. The three stages of this study were conducted over differing time periods, as well as differing resources of evidence of validity. In the first stage, the only resource of evidence of validity used was in the form of testing for reliability and correlation between the items, which aimed at determining just which items would be utilized in the short version. Meanwhile, with the second and third stages, after the items had been reduced, evaluation was conducted based on two resources of evidence of validity, the internal structure, covering reliability testing and analysis of confirmatory factors, and resources of evidence of connections to other variables. Results of the reliability testing showed an alpha Cronbach value of more than 0.7, with corrected item total correlation of all items above 0.3 Results of factor analysis also indicated that all items grouped within its dimension, as well as the results of correlation analysis also indicating results in accord with earlier pieces of research. It may be concluded that the Academic Motivation Scale-Short Indonesian Version may be considered to be a reliable measurement instrument to measure academic motivation.

Education is a critical component that cannot be separated from an individual’s life. One of many important factors that could support, encourage, and give zeal in the learning process is motivation. The COVID-19 pandemic nowadays indirectly triggers a rapid and drastic change in the learning process, one of them being lecture that must be held online. This repeated cross-sectional research aimed to give a description regarding the fluctuation of students’ academic motivation level before, in the beginning, and until one-year after online learning. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data which are collected gradually and analyzed using Summary Independent Sample T-Test. The result of this research showed no significant differences in academic motivation before COVID-19 and during the early days of Learning from Home (µbefore = 4.777; µbeginning = 4.808; sig = 0.432), nevertheless, a significant decrease is observable one year after the online learning (µnow = 4.345; sigbefore = <0.001; sigbeginning = <0.001). The decrease in students’ academic motivation is certainly a crucial problem that is prioritized to be resolved. Hence, lecturers need to adapt with this change and create learning innovation in order to trigger students’ learning motivation.

Communication apprehension (CA) is the anxiety of an individual associated with actual or anticipated communication with others. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension - 24 Items Version (PRCA-24) is a measurement implement constructed to measure the level of CA of an individual. This research was aimed at the evaluation of the use of the PRCA-24 within the context of research in Indonesia. The participants in the research comprised 336 undergraduate program university students, in an Indonesian university. The evaluation of this implement of measurement used, as an evidence source, validity, based upon internal consistency (analysis of the factors of exploration and reliability testing), and relatedness to another variable, i.e., assertiveness. Assertiveness was selected as the external variable, which predisposes people to communications apprehension behavior, and is measured using the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS). The results of the factor analysis and reliability testing indicated the dependability of the PRCA-24. This measurement implement also had positive and significant correlations with the variable of predisposition. This research produced implications for use of the PRCA-24 in a variety of different contexts, which will be further discussed in this paper.   Communication apprehension (CA) adalah kecemasan individu yang berasosiasi dengan komunikasi yang nyata atau yang sedang diantisipasi terhadap orang lain. Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 items version (PRCA-24) adalah alat ukur yang dikonstruksikan untuk mengukur tingkat CA individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan PRCA-24 pada konteks penelitian di Indonesia. Partisipan penelitian adalah 336 mahasiswa program sarjana di suatu perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. Evaluasi alat ukur menggunakan sumber bukti validitas berdasarkan konsistensi internal (analisis faktor eksploratori dan pengujian reliabilitas), dan hubungan dengan variabel lain, yaitu asertivitas. Asertivitas dipilih sebagai variabel eksternal yang menjadi predisposisi perilaku CA dan diukur dengan menggunakan Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS). Hasil analisis faktor dan pengujian reliabilitas menunjukkan kehandalan PRCA-24. Alat ukur ini juga berkorelasi positif dan signifikan dengan variabel predisposisi. Penelitian ini membawa implikasi berupa penggunaan PRCA-24 dalam berbagai konteks yang berbeda-beda yang akan dibahas lebih lanjut pada tulisan ini.   Received 17 July 2019; Accepted 15 September 2019; Published 25 October 2019.