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This critical summary was conducted to achieve an evidence based decision about immediate implants supporting full arch fixed prostheses (FAFP). A randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing periimplant health, radiographic outcomes and success of immediate versus delayed implants, supporting FAFP was selected and critically appraised by Cochrane tool for risk assessment of bias. In the RCT, a one-year follow up showed no significant difference between both treatment modalities regarding all clinical and radiographic outcomes, except for crevicular fluid volume in maxilla, which was 87.4 ± 60.5 for immediate and 34.7± 22.6 for delayed implants (p<0.05). Selection, co-intervention, assessment and attrition biases are highly suspected. Considering the biases that might be introduced in this trial, evidence about the results could be limited. Therefore, immediate implants are recommended limitedly based on proper case selection. RCTs with calculated sample sizes, standardized treatment and measurement procedures are still highly required to enhance the internal validity.

Background:Irrational drug prescribing and inappropriate prescription writing have a serious medical and economicimpacton patients and society. Information on pediatric prescribing and quality of prescription writing in Libya are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of rational prescribing using the WHO indicatorsand to assessthe completeness of prescriptions recorded informationat the outpatient department of Benghazi Childrens Hospital. Results:A total of 603 prescriptions were sampled and analyzed. Concerning the prescribing indicators, the average number of medicines per encounter was 1.52, 5.47% of drugs were prescribed by generic name, 20.56% of encounters had at least one antibiotic prescribed, 25.87% of encounters were prescribed one injection or more and 61.27% of the prescribed drugs were from the Essential Drugs List. As regards the completeness of the recorded data on prescriptions, the patients name, gender, age and diagnosis were recorded in 99.34%, 10.78%, 85.74% and 29.85% of prescriptions, respectively. None of the prescriptions included the patients contact details and only 0.66% mentioned the patients weight. Prescribers information such as the name, signature and contact details were present in more than half of prescriptions while only 3.98% were stamped.Medication details like the dosage form, dose and frequency were written for more than 82% of the prescribed drugs whereas the strength and treatment duration were the least recorded drug information, 46.28% and 56.67%, respectively. Conclusion:Some forms of irrational drug prescribing as well as suboptimal recording of prescriptions information were observed at the outpatient department of Benghazi Childrens Hospital.

Introduction Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a growing branch of medicine that can improve the quality of life of many people. This study aimed to assess comparatively the knowledge, attitude, and use of CAM among graduation year pharmacy and medicine students at the University of Benghazi, Libya. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted among graduation year pharmacy and medicine students at the University of Benghazi for 4 months. The study tool was a self-administered online questionnaire and consisted of four main sections: demographic data, use, knowledge, and attitude toward CAM. Results Most of the study respondents were females, and most were from Benghazi city. CAM use among pharmacy students was significantly higher (p-value= 0.001), with ruguia being the most commonly used modality (52.5%), followed by cupping-Al hijama and herbal medicine. Minor ailments and acute illnesses were the main medical conditions treated with CAM, and the unnecessary physician intervention was the top reason for practicing CAM among students. CAM knowledge and attitude were significantly higher among pharmacy students (p-value= 0.000 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion CAM was commonly practiced among the study participants. Their overall knowledge of CAM was limited, whereas their attitude toward it was positive, with pharmacy students having a better degree of both.

Eichhornia crassipes is a tropical aquatic plant of American origin that grows on the surface of fresh water. Eichhornia at recent time is used to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. In this research, Eichhornia is used to decrease the concentrations of lead and cadmium in water media. The current changes over the plants endurance for different concentrations by continuing the morphological changes, which have appeared during the experiment, has been studied. The heavy metals concentrations of the media are measured during two days. At the end of the experiment, analysis for metals are also carried out on the plant samples to determine the effect of different media on metal accumulation by roots and aerial parts of the plants. The results showed that the plant is able to absorb the lead and accumulate it in its rooted part more than aerial part along with the preservation of its growth and shape at the concentration up to 100ppm. However, it cannot survive in a good way in the water media which contain cadmium of concentrations (3.07-61.93ppm).