14Antioxidant properties of mushroom extracts sequentially isolated by cyclohexane, 15 dichloromethane, methanol, and water from Phaeolus schweinitzii, Inonotus hispidus, 16 Tricholoma columbetta, Tricholoma caligatum, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Hydnellum 17 ferruginemum, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus were evaluated by DPPH • , ABTS •+ 18 scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance 19 capacity (ORAC), and Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic content (TPC) methods. The integrated 20 values ('antioxidant scores') for evaluating antioxidant potential of extracts and dry mushroom 21 substances are proposed. Antimicrobial activity was screened against Gram-positive (Bacillus 22 cereus), Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and fungi (Candida albicans) by 23 agar diffussion method. The highest antioxidant capacity values (in µM TE/g extract dw) were 24 found for methanol fractions of P. schweinitzii (9.62 ± 0.03 in DPPH • ; 109 ± 3 in FRAP; 164 ± 1 25 in ABTS •+ ; 340 ± 3 in ORAC assays) and I. hispidus (9.5 ± 0.04 in DPPH • ; 54.27 ± 0.46 in 26 ABTS •+ ; 88.31 ± 1.96 in FRAP; 290 ± 1 in ORAC assays). Extracts of other species possessed 27considerably lower antioxidant activities. The extracts of I. hispidus were more effective against 28 tested microbial species than other mushrooms. In conclusion, our results show that some wild 29 mushrooms might be promising dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. 30 31

Numerous mushroom species are used as food and for medicinal purposes; however, many species that may contain bioactive compounds remain underinvestigated. In this study, the antioxidant properties of extracts sequentially isolated with cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and methanol from 25 costal dune mushroom species collected in the southwestern region of France were evaluated based on their radical scavenging capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and Folin-Ciocalteu-determined total phenolic content. Overall, the antioxidant potential of dried mushrooms was assessed using integrated antioxidant scores. The highest antioxidant capacity values were demonstrated by the Cortinarius infractus, Agaricus coniferarum, A. menieri, and A. freirei species. These results may foster further studies of the selected mushroom species to valorize their nutritional and medicinal properties.

Antioxidant and genotoxic properties of hispidin isolated from the Phaeolus schweinitzii mushroom were evaluated with various assays. Hispidin demonstrated strong free radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power; in all applied assays, hispidin exhibited antioxidant capacity similar to or higher than that of the reference antioxidant Trolox. Genotoxic activity of hispidin was assessed using different end points: chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchanges, and primary DNA damage (detected by the comet assay) in human lymphocytes in vitro, and gene mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test. Hispidin did not increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, or primary DNA damage in human lymphocytes in vitro and did not produce reverse mutation in bacterial cells. However, we identified in human lymphocytes a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid exchange frequency and a decrease in replication index and nuclear division index values.