No abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of rocuronium bromide as mydriatic agent in domestic pigeons ( Columba livia ). This study was done in two phases. In the first phase, rocuronium bromide (0.20 mg/20 µl) was topically instilled to the right eye (OD) of eight domestic pigeons. Pupil diameter was measured before instillation (T0), and at 5 (T05) and 10 (T10) min after instillation, and every 10 min thereafter until 160 (T160) min. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) was assessed using a scoring system at the same time points. In the second phase, the same dosage was instilled twice in the span of 10 min into both eyes (OU) of four pigeons (eight eyes). Measurements were done accordingly. The iris color in the first phase were: gravel, pearl and bull eye. All irises in the second phase were bull eye. Mydriasis were observed in 6/8 (75%) pigeons in the first phase. Maximal mydriasis was observed at T30 (mean pupil diameter=4.62 ± 0.13 mm). Pupil diameter in the treated eye was significantly different from contralateral eye and from T0 since T05 ( P =0.017 and P =0.006, respectively)−T120 ( P =0.043 and P =0.044, respectively). PLR was disappeared from T10 ( P =0.034) to T90 ( P =0.041). In the second phase, mydriasis was only observed in 2/8 eyes. This study suggested that rocuronium bromide was able to produce mydriasis in pigeons other than bull eye iris.

No abstract

The gastropods diversity have a role towards stability ecosystem in trophic level. The existence gastropods really take effect for other organism the trophic level higher than gastropods. The purpose of was to determine the value  of diverity and distribution patterns of gastropods in the mangrove forest, Jati Papak Block National Park Alas Purwo. The method used in this research is by using purposive sampling method. Sampling was divided into three stations with a range of 250 m from each station.Each station is 220 m of long and 96 m of wide with a plot measuring 2 × 2 m2. The result obtained 8 families of Gastropods with 13 genus and 19 species. Gastropods diversity ranges from H`=1.387-1.359 which indicates that the area has a moderate diversity value. The distribution pattern of gastropods between location has two distribution patterns, namely clustered and random distribution patterns

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri salep ekstrak etanolik kulit batang kesambi (Scheichera oleosa Merr.) dan konsentrasi yang efektif dari salep ekstraknya pada kulit punggung kelinci yang terinfeksi Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Formula salep ekstrak kulit batang kesambi dibuat dengan basis hidrokarbon dengan tiga konsentrasi yaitu 6,25%, 12,5% dan 25% dengan salep Gentamicin sebagai kontrol positif. Pengamatan waktu penyembuhan dilakukan dengan cara mengamati lamanya penyembuhan infeksi pada kulit punggung kelinci setelah pemberian salep ekstrak kulit batang kesambi yang ditandai dengan hilangnya eritema dan nanah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan ANOVA satu jalan (signifikansi p<0,05). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa salep ekstrak kulit batang kesambi memiliki efektivitas pada penyembuhan infeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan terdapat perbedaan efektivitas pada setiap konsentrasi. Konsentrasi salep ekstrak kulit batang kesambi 25% memberikan efek penyembuhan yang lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 12,5% dan 6,25%.