Rapid urbanization in China greatly contributes to carbon emissions, while the industrial structure greatly contributes to changes in the variation of carbon emissions. This research addresses the impact of urbanization and industrial structure on carbon emissions from 2010 to 2018, by focusing on the Huaihe River Eco-economic Zone, which is an important economic corridor along the north–south division of China. Although many studies have focused on investigating the impact of urbanization or industrial structure on carbon emissions, few studies further addressed an analysis of the impact of both on carbon emissions, using multiple measurement models. This paper reveals the holistic and local impact of industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emissions, by integrating a threshold regression model with geographically weighted regression. The results are as follows: (1) From a holistic point of view, industrial structure and urbanization had both, single threshold, and double threshold effects on carbon emissions in the Huaihe River Eco-economic Zone. (2) From a regional perspective, the coefficients of industrial structure on carbon emissions were all positive, but the rate of increase gradually slowed down. The coefficients of urbanization on carbon emissions were all negative, reaching a maximum value of negative effect in 2013. Understanding the holistic and local impact of urbanization and industrial structure on carbon emissions provides governments with differentiated and forward-looking suggestions for mitigating carbon emissions in the Huaihe River Eco-economic Zone.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the development of China's rural labor markets and the identification of the important factors that affect rural labor's off-farm employment and migration.Design/methodology/approachBased on a set of long-term panel data, this paper makes a clear judgment on the trend of rural labor transfer. High-quality survey design makes it possible to examine the development of the rural labor market from multiple dimensions. Adding household fixed effects to the empirical model alleviates endogenous problems.FindingsThe authors find that the increasing trend toward off-farm employment, which is dominated by migration, has continued. There are some other important findings: (1). young male workers dominated off-farm employment, but the gap between groups continues to narrow; (2). the structure of employment is a good response to the economic transformation and (3). the quality of off-farm laborers, especially in terms of human capital, has also enhanced significantly and has continued to support off-farm employment and migration. These findings all indicate that the China's rural labor markets have been constantly improving in recent years, although there is still segmentation.Originality/valueIt is the first paper that uses a nationally representative survey data to address the development of rural labor market in the 21st century. With the help of a long-term panel data structure and by controlling the household-level fixed-effect, the authors obtained a deeper and more robust conclusion. Specifically, this article finds that whether it is for the off-farm transfer or the migration, the influence of labor age, gender, human capital and marital status is gradually weakening.

The end of the Cold War did not finish tension and conflict worldwide. According to the statistics, there were 57 different major armed conflicts in 45 different locations in the 12-year post-cold war period 1990-2001 (Wallensteen, P. 2002. Some of the frequent conflicts are intra-country and some are inter-country. Unfortunately, both kinds of aggression are likely to result in widespread devastating physical destruction, massive displacement of population as well as considerable fatalities and injuries to the population and may even lead to many states being in danger of collapse. All these will inevitably seriously destroy the normal process of educational provision. Just as Tawil argues that violence appears to be increasingly affecting society and education system in general (Tawil, S.1997:8). This paper is about the issues and challenges of education provision in violent conflict situations and educational reconstruction in post-conflicts. The paper highlights some of the main issues and debates in this arena, with special reference to Iraq. The wider implications for emergency education in violent conflict situations and educational reconstruction in post-conflicts are also explored.

Abstract. This paper explores the effect of the one-child policy on Chinese young people and children from young people and children's own perspectives and experiences. Using the research questions and participants' responses, the author has divided this paper into four further sections. Firstly, it addresses how young people and children define sibling relationships. Then, it reviews young people and children's opinions on being an only child. Thirdly，it explores the importance of sibling relationships. Fourthly, it focuses on the effect on the participants of the one-child family planning policy. Finally the author will explain the overall conclusions. Definition of Sibling Relationships What is the Sibling Relationship and What is It for?Young people with siblings both in Group A and Group D defined siblings as a very important relationship, claiming that siblings supported each other both in practice and spirit. Moreover, sibling relationships were believed by many of the participants to be closer and more stable compared with ordinary friendships as they were also connected by blood.Smile: Siblings are not only your relatives but also your friends. It is a very close relationship. They will take care of each other selflessly. My sisters help me when I cannot solve a problem. For example, I asked my sisters for help when I fought or quarrelled with other children over childish things when I was a child. They still encourage me and give me a hand when I meet with difficulties. (Group A) Yi: It is a relationship which is based on genetic connection but also goes beyond it and is more like a kind of friendship. Your siblings may be your best friends. They are there to help. For example, when I had some trouble with other children when I was young, I would tell my sister, because she is seven years older than me, and she would talk with the child who was giving me trouble. (Group A) Zhen: Siblings are not only your family, but also your friends. It is a life long relationship, and more stable than many friendships. (Group D) Min: Siblings always help each other. I remember that once I was on my way home from school when I was young, and I saw a bigger child bullying my little brother. I pushed him into a paddy-field without thinking. (Group D) There is no doubt that the participants, whether those with 'approved' siblings or those with siblings against China's one-child family planning policy, all acknowledged that sibling relationships are very important and that siblings stick up to each other (Morrow, 1998;Edwards et al., 2005). Moreover, in my study, participants emphasized that siblings are often also best friends, and since they have a close blood relationship, they feel the relationship is more stable, more loyal and closer compared with ordinary friend relationships. What are the Strengths and Drawbacks of Being in Sibling Relationships?When questioned about the strengths and drawbacks of being in sibling relationships, young people with siblings both in Group A and Group D believed that siblings are...