Language communities differ in their stock of reference frames (coordinate systems for specifying locations and directions). English typically uses egocentrically defined axes (e.g., “left-right”), especially when describing small-scale relationships. Other languages such as Tseltal Mayan prefer to use geocentrically-defined axes (e.g., “north-south”) and do not use any type of projective body-defined axes. It has been argued that the availability of specific frames of reference in language determines the availability or salience of the corresponding spatial concepts. In four experiments, we explored this hypothesis by testing Tseltal speakers’ spatial reasoning skills. Whereas most prior tasks in this domain were open-ended (allowing several correct solutions), the present tasks required a unique solution that favored adopting a frame of reference that was either congruent or incongruent with what is habitually lexicalized in the participants’ language. In these tasks, Tseltal speakers easily solved the language-incongruent problems, and performance was generally more robust for these than for the language-congruent problems that favored geocentrically-defined coordinates. We suggest thatlisteners’ probabilistic inferences when instruction is open to more than one interpretation account for why there are greater cross-linguistic differences in the solutions to open-ended spatial problems than to less ambiguous ones.
Imagination et témoignage dans la construction de la réalité de l’enfant.
Bien que les enfants apprennent beaucoup sur la réalité grâce à l’observation directe, ils apprennent également à partir du témoignage des autres. Par exemple, ils prennent connaissance de différentes entités et êtres invisibles, non pas du par leur expérience personnelle mais par la communication avec les autres personnes. Quatre différents types d’expériences montrent que les enfants sont plein d'assurance quant à l''existence de deux catégories importantes d'entités invisibles auxquelles ils ont eu accès par le biais du témoignage : les entités scientifiques -les germes et l’oxygène, et des êtres spéciaux -le Père Noël ou Dieu. Toutefois, les enfants expriment une plus grande confiance dans celles-là que dans celles-ci. Deux explications possibles de ce phénomène sont envisagées.
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