The authors review evidence regarding the biological processes that may link religiosity/spirituality to health. A growing body of observational evidence supports the hypothesis that links religiosity/spirituality to physiological processes. Although much of the earliest evidence came from cross-sectional studies with questionable generalizability and potential confounding, more recent research, with more representative samples and multivariate analysis, provides stronger evidence linking Judeo-Christian religious practices to blood pressure and immune function. The strongest evidence comes from randomized interventional trials reporting the beneficial physiological impact of meditation (primarily transcendental meditation). Overall, available evidence is generally consistent with the hypothesis that religiosity/spirituality is linked to health-related physiological processes--including cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune function--althogh more solid evidence is needed.

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This chapter augments the autobiographical material with biographical information solicited from their colleagues, "offspring," and disciples toward our goal of understanding the historical origins of geropsychology. In this endeavor we search for information and nuance, which yields not only a global review but also enriches our ability to address the practical issues involved in dealing with the significant demographic changes that affect us. By incorporating the psychological needs of elderly persons, a balanced and practical understanding of the full developmental spectrum, including end-of-life issues, will emerge.Serendipity and circumstance play an enormous role in influencing human thought and endeavor. The previous chapters have indicated that the intellectual climate of a period, chance meeting of associates, wars, and changing demographics determined or altered the course of psychogerontology. A variety of themes, stops and starts, and practical considerations emerge as a reflection of events and sociocultural differences around the world.The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as "a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or injury," recognizing the global importance of psychological determinants of health and well-being in all people of all ages. Public health is concerned with assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy. Models that identify the multiple determinants of health cite several areas in which psychosocial and environmental variables interact to determine health status. The United Nations Assembly on Aging developed the goal to "add life to years rather than adding years to life," proposing a focus on quality-of-life issues among elderly persons.