This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed, sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and recyclable. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

No abstract

The match-up hypothesis and associative learning theory was utilized to examine the effects of athlete attractiveness and expertise on attitudes towards an athletic event and purchase intentions.An experimental design was incorporated to test the study's hypotheses with participants (N = 184) from three universities. Results indicate that athlete attractiveness and expertise interact to produce the best endorser-event fit. In terms of athletes with high levels of expertise, there were no differences in athlete-event fit between the highly attractive and less attractive athlete.However, among the athletes with low expertise, the attractive athlete was perceived as a better fit than was the less attractive athlete. Further, attitudes toward the event partially mediated the relationship between fit and purchase intentions, but identification did not act as a moderator.These results held regardless of participant sex. Implications relative to theory and practice are presented.3

This research content analyzed the news photographs of a major US daily newspaper to examine the emotional portrayals of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic subgroups. A multidimensional measure of emotion (pleasure, arousal, dominance) was used. A total of 1,595 individuals were coded. The results demonstrate that emotionality was stereotyped to some degree, particularly in relation to females, ethnic minorities and senior citizens. Specifically, African Americans were depicted as excited whereas Asian Americans were seen as calm.Females were portrayed as happy and teens were shown as sad. The results support the social construction of emotion and suggest that the news media play a role in framing and constructing emotional meaning with regard to different subgroups in American society. Stereotypical Portrayals of Emotionality in News PhotosResearch on visual stereotypes abounds but surprisingly few studies have examined emotionality and stereotypes in photographs. Pictures are emotional representations of reality that convey important information about gender, age and ethnic groups (Blackwood, 1983).Emotions refer to specific feelings conveyed by individuals who are photographed-whether happy or sad, excited or calm, or submissive or dominant.Research has demonstrated that visual images can influence public knowledge (Iyengar, 1991) and enhance viewers' recall of news stories (Graber, 1990), suggesting that visual imagery plays an important role in helping news consumers make sense of the world around them (Matthews & Reuss, 1985). A clear benefit of visual communication is its ability to transcend textual limitations and convey emotions in addition to factual evidence (Lester, 2000). However, this field of research has not progressed past early constructions of emotionality (Wanta & Leggett, 1989). Because news photos are often scanned first (Miller, 1975) and can contain highly vivid images that can form long-lasting impressions on memory (Lester, 2000), it is important to examine the emotional content of photos to determine whether different subgroups in America are marginalized or stereotyped in relation to their emotions.Our purpose is to extend the literature on stereotypes by drawing upon a long-standing multi-dimensional conceptualization of emotion used extensively in psychology. Known as PAD (pleasure, arousal, dominance), the idea was to examine how individuals of different genders, ages and ethnicities are framed in terms of their emotions. We argue that the expression of emotion is biological and cultural-biological in terms of gender, age and ethnicity and cultural in terms of newsroom decisions that translate to emotional depictions of individuals in different gender, age and ethnic groups. For instance, we expect that there will be different kinds of events 4 across the sections of the newspaper that will translate to emotions expressed by different genders, ages and ethnicities represented within those sections. Trends in the multi-dimensional levels of emotional representa...

No abstract