Experiment 1 involved the use of plastic and wooden objects and trial-unique problems. The rats performed successfully on nonconceptual oddity problems given before and after conceptual training, showing that the testing conditions were suitable, but they showed chance performances on the trial-unique problems. Experiment 2 involved the use of olfactory discriminanda. Five pretraining problems and 300 unique five-trial problems were presented. Two of 3 rats performed better than chance on Trial 2 and on Trials 3-5, but all performed at chance levels on Trial 1 throughout. The data suggest that the rats responded to specific odors on Trials 2-5 following the Trial 1 experience, as opposed to responding conceptuallyto the "odd" odor. Had they responded conceptually to odd odors, they should have performed better than chance on Triall. These findings and the general logical argument that they support are considered in the context ofthe numerous inconclusive reports of the use of the oddity concept by nonprimate animals.In the context of the evolution of intelligence, the oddity concept is an important example of relative class con-

Overt signs of victim resistance during rape are critical issues in the handling of and recovery from rape/sexual assault. However, a substantial number of victims do not resist the attacker in any way. Tonic immobility (TI), a well-known involuntary, reflexive response to fear-inducing stimuli, may aid in explaining the paralysis and “freezing” of many rape victims. In the present study, rape survivors were classified as immobile, intermediate, or mobile, based on a self-report measure. The immobile group manifested significantly more of the specific features associated with tonic immobility. Thirty-seven percent of the sample clearly demonstrated immobility during the attack. Various postrape behaviors and attitudes were found to be associated with the incidence of the immobility response.

University 01Georgia, A thens, Georgia Memory for concepts learned previously in three separate experiments was assessed: (1) oddity and dimension-abstracted oddity after a 2.33-year interval, (2) conditional discrimination with conceptual simultaneous and successive cues after a 1.33-yearinterval, and (3) numerousness discrimination involving 2 versus 7 "dots" after a 5-year interval. The strongest evidence for LTM was seen in the monkey retested on the 2 versus 7 dots problem on which he responded correctly on 80% of the first 40 trials. He also met criterion (36of 40 correct) in 80 trials compared with 300 for his earlier training and with 240 and 360 trials for two monkeys being trained for the first time. There was also evidence that some other monkeys showed significant retention on some oddity and DAO tasks, but the evidence was less dear that a third set of monkeys had shown significant retention for the conditional discrimination task. Discussion considers the confounding of retention measures with the possibility for learning in LTM tasks as wellas the need for more information on animals' LTM for concepts.

Six conceptual oddity and dimension-abstracted oddity (DAO) tasks were administered to college students. Hypothetically, the tasks varied in difficulty as functions of the number of relevant, constant, and ambiguous cues, and the research investigated whether performance was related to the hypothesized difficulty (with Task 1 being easiest and Task 6 most difficult). Tasks 5 and 6 required significantly more trials to criterion than Tasks 1 through 4, and Task 4 required more trials than Tasks 1 and 2. Additionally, response latency was significantly longer on Task 6 than on Tasks 2 and 3, and on Task 5 than on Tasks 2, 3, and 4. Discussion considers differences between humans and squirrel monkeys in the order of difficulty of the six tasks as a function of trichromatic versus protonomalous and dichromatic color vision, and the use of the task hierarchy for ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparisons.

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