Twenty-three triboluminescent organic and inorganic materials were examined for crystal
symmetry, differences between photoluminescence and triboluminescence emission spectra,
spectroscopic evidence of an electrical discharge, and persistence of activity under liquids;
some were also tested under other atmospheres. These experiments indicate that 18 materials
were excited by a discharge, by either electron bombardment of the material or secondary
excitation by the UV emissions of the surrounding gas. Five are apparently excited without
a discharge, probably by the defect recombination characteristic of deformation luminescence.
Triboluminescence activity is usually assumed to be a consequence of crystal dissymmetry; however, the multitude of reports of centrosymmetric triboluminescent materials cast doubt on that assumption. We examine here the connection between triboluminescence and crystal symmetry without prejudice, by synthesizing 12 esters of 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid and correlating their triboluminescence activity and that of the acid with crystal structure, purity, and photoluminescence. In this series, a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure is necessary but not sufficient for triboluminescence in relatively pure materials; impurities are necessary for triboluminescence activity in all centrosymmetric and one noncentrosymmetric materials. Crystallization motif and other structure factors were only weakly correlated with triboluminescence. The results provide evidence in support of a charge separation and recombination mechanism for the excitation of the triboluminescence.Supporting Information Available: For 3-4 and 6-12, complete lists of atomic coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles, and anisotropic displacement coefficients (52 pages); for 2-4 and 6-12, correlation of crystal cell parameters with stacking motif (1 page); and observed and calculated structure factors (46 pages). Ordering information is given on the current masthead page. CM960438R
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