Abstrak Kotoran ternak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk kandang karena kandungan unsur hara seperti nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan kalium (K) yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman dan kesuburan tanah. Salah satu kotoran ternak yang dapat digunakan SNI 19-7030-2004 (Rasio C/N, kadar N, P, K, air, dan C-organik). Sedangkan pada hari ke 40dan 50 diperoleh rasio C/N (9,74 dan 9,00) yang tidak sesuai dengan SNI 19-7030-2004 N, P, K, organic-C, C/N ratio, water content, and pH. The result of analysis is compared with SNI 19-7030-2004. Organic fertilizer analysis was conducted on day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. The quality of organic fertilizer on day 10, 20, and 30 was in accordance with the quality stated in SNI 19-7030-2004 (C/N ratio, levels of N, P, K, water, and organic-C). While the C/N ratio of organic fertilizer on day 40 and 50 (9.74 and 9.00, respectively) are not in accordance with C/N ratio stated in SNI 19-7030-2004 which is 10-20. The optimal time for the composting of goat manure with coconut coir dust and EM4 bio-activator is <30 days. Abstract Animal manures can be used as organic fertilizer because the high nutrient content such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The nutrients are needed by plants and soil for fertility. One of the animal manures that can be used for organic fertilizer is goat manure. Goat manure is used as organic fertilizer it contains relatively more balanced nutrients than other natural fertilizer. In addition, the goat manure is mixed with the goat urine that also contains high nutrients. Coconut coir dust contains high potassium so that the addition of coconut coirdust in organic fertilizer will increase the potassium content (K) in organic fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the optimal time of composting and the quality of the organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer was analyzed to determine the content of

Animal manures can be used as organic fertilizer because the high nutrient content such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The nutrients are needed by plants and soil for fertility. One of the animal manures that can be used for organic fertilizer is goat manure. Goat manure is used as organic fertilizer it contains relatively more balanced nutrients than other natural fertilizer. In addition, the goat manure is mixed with the goat urine that also contains high nutrients. Coconut coir dust contains high potassium so that the addition of coconut coir dust in organic fertilizer will increase the potassium content (K) in organic fertilizer. The purpose of this research was to find out the influence of effective Orgadec and PROMI bioactivators on the optimal time of composting and the quality of the organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer was analyzed to determine the content of N, P, K, organic-C, C/N ratio, water content, and pH. The result of analysis is compared with SNI 19-7030-2004. Organic fertilizer analysis was conducted on day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. The result of the organic fertilizer analysis with Orgadec bio-activator more effective and faster on the decomposition organic matter in the compost compared PROMI (<20 days). The quality of organic fertilizer with Orgadec bioactivator on day 10 and 20, while organic fertilizer with PROMI on day 20, 30, 40, and 50 days was in accordance with the quality stated in SNI 19-7030-2004 (C/N ratio, levels of N, P, K, water, and organic-C).Keywords : goat manure, coconut coir dust, Orgadec, PROMI AbstrakKotoran ternak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk kandang karena kandungan unsur hara seperti nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan kalium (K) yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman dan kesuburan tanah. Salah satu kotoran ternak yang dapat digunakan untuk pupuk kandang adalah kotoran kambing. Kotoran kambing digunakan sebagai pupuk kandang didasari oleh alasan bahwa kotoran kambing memiliki kandungan unsur hara relatif lebih seimbang dibanding pupuk alam lainnya dan kotoran kambing bercampur dengan air seninya (urine) yang juga mengandung unsur hara. Penambahan debu sabut kelapa ke dalam pupuk kandang karena kandungan kalium yang tinggi pada debu sabut dapat meningkatkan kandungan unsur hara K pada pupuk kandang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian bioaktivator yang berbeda (PROMI dan Orgadec) terhadap waktu optimal pengomposan dan kualitas pupuk kandang sesuai dengan SNI 19-7030-2004. Pupuk kandang yang diperoleh dianalisis kadar N, P, K, C-organik, rasio C/N, dan kadar airnya. Hasil analisis dibandingkan dengan SNI 19-7030-2004. Analisis pupuk kandang dilakukan pada hari ke 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, dan 50. Hasil analisis pupuk kandang dengan bioaktivator Orgadec lebih efektif dan memerlukan waktu yang lebih cepat untuk mendekomposisi bahan organik dalam kompos daripada dengan bioaktivator PROMI, yaitu <20 hari. Kualitas pupuk kandang yang memenuhi SNI 19-7030-2004 (rasio C/N, kadar N, P, K, air, dan C-organik), yaitu pupuk kandang denga...

No abstract

In the last decade, increasing trends towards the consumption of healthier foods have forced processors of high-fat products (ice cream) to shift their formulations to higher proportions of unsaturated or “healthier” fats. Vegetable oils such as sunflower oil and VCO can be used as a substitute for milk fat, milk solids not fat (skim milk powder), sweeteners, stabilizers and emulsifiers, and mineral water in making ice cream. A study was carried out to determine the effects of the use of the ratio of sunflower oil: virgin coconut oil with palm fruit as a stabilizer in the production of ice cream on physicochemical properties (pH, proximate, overrun, viscosity, and melting rate). The use of palm fruit is based on the content of galactomannan in palm fruit. Premium ice cream with five different ratios of SO and VCO (15:0), (10:5), (7.5:7.5), (5:10), (15:0). The ice cream production involves mixing, pasteurization, homogenization, aging, and freezing. The physicochemical result shows ice cream sample with a ratio SO:VCO (5:10) obtained good physical properties, the lowest first-time drop/ shape retention, and a low melting rate compared to the others. The rheological behavior of ice cream is the non-Newtonian fluids with a pseudoplastic behavior. The apparent viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate.

ABSTRAKHidrolisis dapat berjalan baik apabila menggunakan data kinetika yang tepat untuk mendapatkan produk yang diinginkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengolahan Hasil, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma pada bulan Juni-Juli 2015. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan kondisi optimum hidrolisis Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) secara kimiawi dengan katalis HCl dan mendapatkan data kinetika reaksi, yaitu konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k), energi aktivasi (Ea), dan rumusan persamaan kinetika reaksi. Hidrolisis VCO dilakukan 2 tahap, yaitu tahap pertama penentuan rasio VCO:air (1:3; 1:6; 1:9; dan 1:12) dipilih yang menghasilkan kadar ALB terbesar, dilanjutkan pada tahap kedua, yaitu penentuan suhu reaksi (60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C). Penentuan kondisi optimum berdasarkan kadar asam lemak bebas yang dihasilkan dan nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi. Kadar asam lemak bebas ditentukan dengan titrasi asam-basa, sedangkan konstanta kecepatan reaksi menggunakan rumus persamaan kecepatan reaksi -ln(1-XA)=kt. Hidrolisis VCO menggunakan rasio VCO:air (1:12) menghasilkan kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) yang lebih tinggi (0,11%), selanjutnya digunakan untuk penentuan suhu optimum hidrolisis. Suhu hidrolisis optimum adalah 80°C dengan kadar ALB sebesar 0,14%, konversi reaksi 0,88 dan konstanta kecepatan reaksi 0,27 jam -1 . Konsentrasi air dan suhu reaksi berpengaruh terhadap kadar ALB, konversi reaksi, dan konstanta kecepatan reaksi. Hidrolisis VCO dengan katalis HCl 1% terbaik pada rasio VCO:air 1:12, suhu reaksi 80°C selama 8 jam. Hubungan konstanta kecepatan reaksi dengan suhu reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius k = 1,62 x 10 15 e -25831/RT. Asam lemak bebas dan gliserol hasil hidrolisis banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri deterjen, kosmetik, surfaktan, dan obat-obatan. ABSTRACTAn accurate kinetic data has been considered as main substance in hydrolysis reaction. This research was conducted at the laboratory of processing of Indonesian Palm Crops Research Institute (IPRI) during June-July 2015. The objective of the research was to obtain the optimum condition of hydrolysis of VCO and the data of reaction kinetics (the reaction rate constant (k), the activation energy (Ea), and the reaction kinetics equation). Virgin coconut oil hydrolysis was done in two stages, the first step was the determination of the ratio of VCO:water (1:3; 1:6; 1:9; 1:12), the second step was the evaluation of reaction temperatures (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C). The determination of the optimum condition was based on the result of free fatty acid content and the values of the reaction rate constant. The free fatty acid content was measured by acid-base titration, meanwhile the reaction rate constant was determined by the equation -ln(1-XA)=kt. The results showed that the hydrolysis of VCO using ratio of VCO:water 1:12 produced higher content of FFA (0.11%) compared than others. The ratio of VCO:water 1:12 was then used to obtain the optimum temperature of hydrolysis. The optimum temperature of hydrolysis was 80°C with 0.14% of FFA, the reaction conversi...