Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the authors examine the determinants of social capital and its effects on school achievement for minority and immigrant students. The authors use two measures of social capital-intergenerational closure and parentschool involvement-and distinguish minority groups by generational status. Results indicate that compared to third-generation White students, immigrant Asians and Hispanics and third-generation Black students possess less social capital. Minority and immigrant children receive differential returns to intergenerational closure and parent-school involvement.

Results suggested that psychiatric advance directives provide a wealth of treatment preference information that is almost uniformly considered clinically useful. Although the utility of advance directives may vary depending on the circumstances of specific crisis episodes, the information provided can expedite and strengthen clinical care.

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online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste PrefaceThis paper investigates an endemic problem facing technology transfer organizations (TTOs) such as those within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its national laboratories, as well as those within universities and state organizations: The level of technology maturation, product conceptualization, market validation, and human capital required to raise private sector financing and drive commercialization is often too high for technical founders to reach without an industry veteran as a partner.Although our focus in this paper is on clean energy technologies, the same problems exist for a wide range of other technologies. Moreover, these problems are also often apparent and vexing for many of the private sector R&D partners of these laboratory and university organizations.Most solutions focus on further R&D without directly engaging private sector financiers and markets, or more recently, on "beefing up" current technology transfer efforts to help technology founders and innovators make their enterprises resemble, and therefore connect with venture capital organizations. We believe however that the best answer may be a paradigm shift in how we think about closing the gap between ideas and commercially feasible opportunities. We present a solution framework for a public-private partnership, which we believe can ultimately be quite robust in addressing the problem while being easily adaptable to the specific needs of various financiers and market forces. This belief is based not only on our own assessment of the situation but on many discussions with venture capitalists and other financiers.Unlike other public-private partnerships, we have focused on early and seed ventures, which correspond more closely to both the technologies coming out of the labs and the clean energy venture community's need for more robust early-stage company development. Thus, the proposed framework helps to reduce risk for the private sector investor while both enhancing commercial outcomes and increasing the yield of federally funded R&D investments. Pipeline..................................................................................................................20 Synopsis of ESIC Benefits ...................................................................................................................................... List of Tables Executive SummaryPurpose. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new model for public sector (i.e., federal and state) investors to further enhance the productivity of their clean energy (CE) research and development (R&D) investments by accelerating the commercialization of these technologies. In addition to moving valuable technologies into products, a robust commercialization program can enhance economic and community development by establishing a clean energy infrastructure in the CO front range region.Thus, the intended audience is primari...