BACKGROUND: A stroke event, sometimes referred to as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a sudden and often traumatic life event that results in life-changing consequences with which affected people must cope. There are nearly 800,000 instances of stroke annually in the U.S. (American Heart Association, 2018). Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults, and more than one-third of people who survive a stroke will have severe disability in the U.S. (Mayo, 2005). Between 35% and 75% of stroke survivors will have significant cognitive impairment (Tatemichi et al., 1994;Nys et al., 2007). An estimated one-third of people suffer depression after stroke (Hackett et al., 2005), about one-fourth experience significant anxiety (Barker-Collo, 2007), and about one-fifth suffer from insomnia (Leppavuoria et al., 2002). These and other stroke-related psychological issues negatively influence rehabilitation and outcomes through a variety of mechanisms. For example, poststroke depression has been shown to be related to more negative functional consequences (Kneebone et al., 2000;Matsuzaki et al., 2015). Psychological disturbances may affect rehabilitation outcomes through a reduction in adherence to home exercise programs, reduced energy level, increased fatigue, reduced frustration tolerance, and potentially less motivation and hope about the future. OBJECTIVES: This manuscript aims to identify and describe the role of rehabilitation psychology in treating these common post-stroke complaints and, ultimately, optimizing post-stroke outcomes via two case examples. METHODOLOGY: This manuscript describes two cases of individuals in post-acute rehabilitation who had psychological issues which were negatively affecting outcomes. CONCLUSION: Given the abrupt and significant life-changing nature of stroke, it is often necessary to manage a diverse array of psychological issues that often cannot be simply managed via psychotropic medications. Moreover, an understanding of the patients' emotional adjustment and issues can help them maximize their rehabilitation, recovery, and community integration. For the cases discussed, psychology consultations were central in helping optimize their rehabilitation and functional outcomes.

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Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may experience stigma in the form of negative attitudes or discriminatory behaviors, which are external actions directed toward the individual with the disability. Awareness of these negative attitudes, behaviors, and stereotypes related to one’s condition is known as perceived stigma. Perceived stigma has been shown to be problematic in other populations because of its association with various negative mental and physical health outcomes. However, further research is needed on the factors related to perceived stigma in individuals with TBI as well as its association with community participation. The present study explored the associations of experiential and affective factors with perceived stigma in a sample of 504 individuals with TBI as well as the association of perceived stigma with community participation. Independent variables included experiential factors (preinjury years of education, preinjury occupation) and postinjury affective factors (depression, anxiety); demographic characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity) and injury severity served as covariates. Outcome variables included perceived stigma and community participation. Results of structural regression modeling revealed that affective factors were associated with perceived stigma, which was associated with community participation. Affective factors were associated with community participation only when perceived stigma was removed from the model. The findings of this research hold significant treatment implications for individuals with TBI such that modifying evidence-based practices to include consideration of perceived stigma may increase community participation for individuals with TBI.