Subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion through adipogenesis is increasingly recognized as a major determinant of body fat distribution and obesity-related cardiometabolic alterations. Our objective was to assess whether adipogenic rates of cultured human primary preadipocytes from the visceral and subcutaneous compartments relate to visceral obesity and cardiometabolic alterations. We recruited 35 women undergoing gynecological surgery and assessed body fat distribution by CT as well as fasting plasma lipids and glycemia. Fat samples from the greater omentum and abdominal subcutaneous (SC) compartments were used to assess mature adipocyte cell size and establish primary preadipocyte cultures. Differentiation was induced using adipogenic media and adipogenic rates were assessed using Oil Red O (ORO) absorbance/DNA content ratio and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity/DNA of differentiated cells. We found a lower adipogenic capacity of omental (OM) preadipocytes than SC preadipocytes originating from the same women (P < 0.05). Whereas only OM cell size was different among groups of low vs high OM adipogenic rate, SC adipogenic rates were clearly related to increased OM cell size and dyslipidemia when women were separated on median value of either ORO/DNA or G3PDH activity/DNA ratios. When matched for BMI, women with low SC preadipocyte adipogenic rates had a higher visceral adipose tissue area (P < 0.01), omental adipocyte hypertrophy (P < 0.05), higher VLDL-lipid content (P < 0.01) and higher fasting glycemia (P < 0.05) than those with low SC adipogenic rates. In conclusion, low abdominal subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation capacity in vitro is associated with visceral obesity, visceral adipocyte hypertrophy, and a dysmetabolic state.

Objective: To assess the ability of CT-derived measurements including adipose tissue attenuation and area to predict fat cell hypertrophy and related cardiometabolic risk. Methods: Abdominal adipose tissue areas and radiologic attenuation were assessed using 4 CT images in 241 women (age: 47 years, BMI: 26.5 kg/m 2 ). Fat cell weight was measured in paired VAT and SAT samples. Fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin levels were measured. Results: Adipose tissue attenuation was negatively correlated with SAT (rD-0.46) and VAT (rD-0.67) fat cell weight in the corresponding depot (p<0.0001 for both). Women with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy had higher total-, VLDL-, LDL-and HDL-triglyceride and apoB levels as well as a higher cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, fasting glucose and insulin levels compared to women with smaller visceral adipocytes. Adjustment for VAT area minimized these differences while subsequent adjustment for attenuation eliminated all differences, with the exception of fasting glycaemia. In SAT, adjustment for VAT area and attenuation eliminated all adipocyte hypertrophy-related alterations except for fasting hyperglycaemia. Conclusion: CT-derived adipose tissue attenuation and area both contribute to explain variation in the cardiometabolic risk profile associated with the same biological parameter: visceral fat cell hypertrophy.

Boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forests are prone to developing thick organic layers (paludification). Black spruce is adapted to this environment by the continuous development of adventitious roots, masking the root collar and making it difficult to age trees. Ring counts above the root collar underestimate age of trees, but the magnitude of age underestimation of trees in relation to organic layer thickness (OLT) is unknown. This age underestimation is required to produce appropriate age-correction tools to be used in land resource management. The goal of this study was to assess aging errors that are done with standard ring counts of trees growing in sites with different degrees of paludification (OLT; 0-25 cm, 26-65 cm, >65 cm). Age of 81 trees sampled at three geographical locations was determined by ring counts at ground level and at 1 m height, and real age of trees was determined by cross-dating growth rings down to the root collar (root/shoot interface). Ring counts at 1 m height underestimated age of trees by a mean of 22 years (range 13-49) and 52 years (range 14-112) in null to low vs. moderately to highly paludified stands, respectively. The percentage of aging-error explained by our linear model was relatively high (R 2 adj = 0.71) and showed that OLT class and age at 0-m could be used to predict total aging-error while neither DBH nor geographic location could. The resulting model has important implications for forest management to accurately estimate productivity of these forests.

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