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Fault diagnosis of nonlinear systems is of great importance in theory and practice, and the parameter estimation method is an effective strategy. Based on the framework of moving horizon estimation, fault parameters are identified by a proposed intelligent optimization algorithm called PSOSA, which could avoid premature convergence of standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) by introducing the probabilistic jumping property of simulated annealing (SA). Simulations on a three-tank system show the effectiveness of this optimization based fault diagnosis strategy.

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