Objective. To investigate clinical efficacy analysis of fast rehabilitation nursing on pain mitigation after lumbar discectomy and bone graft fusion and internal fixation. Methods. A total of 60 patients with lumbar disc herniation who underwent lumbar discectomy and bone graft fusion and internal fixation in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2021 were randomized either into routine group (n = 30) or rehabilitation group (n = 30) via the random number table method. The patients in the routine group were intervened with the routine postoperative nursing mode, and the patients in the rehabilitation group were intervened with the fast rehabilitation nursing mode on the basis of the nursing of the patients in the routine group. The rehabilitation effect, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores, postoperative pain improvement, and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results. The postoperative rehabilitation effect of the rehabilitation group was significantly better than that of the routine group ( P < 0.05 ). The fast rehabilitation nursing resulted in a notably lower postoperative SAS and SDS scores versus the routine nursing ( P < 0.001 ). The postoperative pain was significantly mitigated in the rehabilitation group when compared with the routine group ( P < 0.001 ). The fast rehabilitation nursing implemented in the rehabilitation group led to a remarkably higher nursing satisfaction of the patients ( P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. The fast rehabilitation nursing mode intervention for lumbar disc herniation patients undergoing lumbar discectomy and bone graft fusion and internal fixation is a promising approach to improve the postoperative rehabilitation, mitigate postoperative pain, and relieve anxiety, depression, and other negative emotions, with higher clinical nursing satisfaction.