Abstract:Proteomics research has become one of the most important topics in the field of life science and natural science. At present, research on protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) mainly focuses on detecting protein complexes or function modules. However, existing approaches are either ineffective or incomplete. In this paper, we investigate detection mechanisms of functional modules in PPIN, including open database, existing detection algorithms, and recent solutions. After that, we describe the proposed approach based on the simplified swarm optimization (SSO) algorithm and the knowledge of Gene Ontology (GO). The proposed solution implements the SSO algorithm for clustering proteins with similar function, and imports biological gene ontology knowledge for further identifying function complexes and improving detection accuracy. Furthermore, we use four different categories of species datasets for experiment: fruitfly, mouse, scere, and human. The testing and analysis result show that the proposed solution is feasible, efficient, and could achieve a higher accuracy of prediction than existing approaches.

Background: Many patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are still undiagnosed or diagnosed late, which leads to serious consequences and burdens. Low serum albumin levels are significantly correlated with disease prognosis. This study investigated the association between serum albumin concentration and 12-week mortality of HIV/AIDS with late diagnosis in mainland China. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, 1,079 inpatients with late HIV/AIDS diagnosis between January 2018 and December 2021 were included. The strata of serum albumin levels were categorized into tertiles. Disease progression was estimated using the 12-week mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the serum albumin concentration with disease progression. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze the effect of different serum albumin levels on mortality. Results: During the 12-week follow-up, 77 patients (7.1%) died. Serum albumin concentration was significantly correlated with late HIV/AIDS diagnosis progression. In Cox proportional hazards regression models, the mortality risk decreased by 8% with the increase in every 1g/L serum albumin after adjustment (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–0.97). Compared with that of the low serum albumin group (< 28 g/L), the middle group (28–33 g/L) mortality risk decreased by 70% (HR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.16–0.60), and that of the high group (≥ 34 g/L) decreased by 45% (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.27–1.15) after adjustment. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients with late HIV/AIDS diagnosis and low serum albumin concentrations in mainland China had a relatively high short-term mortality rate. Further research is needed to characterize the role of serum albumin in the timely prevention of 12-week mortality in patients with a late diagnosis.

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