Accurately retrieving and describing subsurface temperature on a large scale can provide valuable information that can be used for subsurface dynamic and variability studies. This study develops a new satellite‐based geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to estimate a subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) in the upper 2,000 m of the Indian Ocean by combining satellite observations (sea surface height, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface wind) and Argo in situ data (STA). This model improves the estimation accuracy by considering the significant spatial nonstationarity feature between the surface and subsurface parameters in the ocean. The performance of the GWR model is measured by using Akaike Information Criterion combined with root‐mean‐square error and R2. The results showed that the proposed GWR model can easily retrieve the STA and outperform the ordinary least squares model. The GWR model can also explain the contribution from each variable via a local regression coefficient distribution. The sea surface height from altimetry is the most significant variable for GWR estimation. This study demonstrates the great potential and advantage of the GWR model for large‐scale subsurface modeling and information retrieving. Thus, we have developed a novel approach for investigating subsurface thermal anomaly and variability from satellite observations.

BackgroundDysregulation of microRNAs has performed vital gene regulatory functions in the genesis, progression, and prognosis of multiple malignant tumors. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of miR‐196a in prostate cancer (PCa) and explore its clinical significance.MethodsQuantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was implemented to examine miR‐196a and p27kip1 messenger RNA expression in PCa. Cell proliferation was evaluated via Cell Counting Kit‐8, colony formation, and nude mouse tumorigenicity assays. Luciferase reporter assay was applied to identify target genes. p27kip1 protein expression in PCa was investigated using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThere was a dramatic upregulation of miR‐196a in PCa. Upregulated miR‐196a was related to worse Gleason score (GS), later pathological stage, and poor biochemical recurrence (BCR)‐free survival. In vivo and in vitro experiments exhibited that miR‐196a promoted PCa proliferation and expedited G1/S‐phase progression through the downregulation of p27kip1 protein. Additionally, p27kip1 protein was distinctly downregulated in PCa. Low p27kip1 protein expression had a strong correlation with increased GS and was an independent predictor of BCR after radical prostatectomy (RP).ConclusionsExcessive expression of miR‐196a and subsequent downregulation of p27kip1 protein play essential roles in promoting PCa proliferation and leading to BCR after RP. miR‐196a and its target p27kip1 may become novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PCa.

To investigate whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is helpful for assessing the disease activity of Takayasu arteritis (TA).Methods: Eighty-four patients with TA were examined with ultrasound (US) and CEUS. Intima-media thickness (IMT) of both sides of the common carotid artery was measured for each patient. Semiquantitative analyses of contrast enhancement within the arterial wall were performed with a visual interpretation scale. Disease activity was determined by one experienced physician based on Physician Global Assessment criteria.Results: Carotid CEUS revealed that 6 arteries showed no enhancement (7.1%, 6/84) while 78 arteries showed homogeneous enhancement within the thickened wall (92.9%, 78/84). Grade 1 enhancement was noted in 40 patients, and grade 2 in 38 patients. IMT of the active group was significantly thicker than that of the inactive group (2.4 ± 0.9 mm vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 mm, P = 0.001) on B-mode US, and slightly correlated with ESR (r = 0.344, P < 0.05) and CRP (r = 0.261, P < 0.05). Grade 2 enhancement was observed more in the active patients (61.7% vs. 41.3%, P = 0.001) on CEUS. Conclusions:CEUS is a convenient and non-invasive imaging modality that is useful for evaluating disease activity in TA patients by assessing the vascularization within the carotid wall.

Backgrounds: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in male with high morbidity and mortality. The long noncoding RNA second chromosome locus associated with prostate-1(SChLAP1) and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme(UBE2E3) have been reported to relate to prostate cancer. SCHLAP1-UBE2E3 was found to be the most frequent gene fusion in Chinese. However, the function and mechanism of SChLAP1-UBE2E3 axis in prostate cancer are not well known. Methods: In this study, we investigated the relationship between SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 expression and development of prostate cancer in Chinese men who have undergone radical resection of prostate cancer. The effects of SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 on proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells were respectively explored. Results: We found that SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 were both over expressed in prostate cancer cells and tissues. There was a positive correlation between the expression of UBE2E3 and SCHLAP1. Overexpression of SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 both promoted cell proliferation. migration and invasion and inhibited apoptosis. SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 knocking down just had the opposite effects. Conclusions: Our study proved that SChLAP1 and UBE2E3 influenced the progressive of prostate cancer and provided potential biomarkers or drug targets for prostate cancer.

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