Microalgae have outstanding abilities to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful lipids, which makes them extremely promising as renewable sources for manufacturing beneficial compounds. However, during this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be inevitably formed via electron transfers in basal metabolisms. While the excessive accumulation of ROS can have negative effects, it has been supported that proper accumulation of ROS is essential to these organisms. Recent studies have shown that ROS increases are closely related to total lipid in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce the production and elimination of ROS in microalgae. The roles of ROS in three different signaling pathways for lipid biosynthesis are then reviewed: receptor proteins and phosphatases, as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors. Moreover, the strategies and applications of ROS-induced lipid biosynthesis in microalgae are summarized. Finally, future perspectives in this emerging field are also mentioned, appealing to more researchers to further explore the relative mechanisms. This may contribute to improving lipid accumulation in microalgae.
A combination of chemical and mechanical method has been proposed to fabricate modified surface on the oxide-coated silicon. When the diamond tool scribes the silicon sample in the presence of 4-benzoic acid diazonium tetrafluoroborate ͑COOHC 6 H 4 N 2 BF 4 ͒, the chemoactive COOHC 6 H 4 radical can be generated from aryldiazonium salt due to the breaking of chemical bond of silicon substrate. They may then induce grafting of an organic monolayer on the substrate via Si-C connection. The surface morphologies before and after chemomechanical reaction are characterized with atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the presence of COOHC 6 H 4 and shows a steady increase in the amount of carbon on the exposed fresh Si surface. Infrared spectroscopy suggests that COOHC 6 H 4 groups bond with surface Si atoms via Si-C covalent bonds. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first report of the chemomechanical preparation of self-assembled monolayers on oxide-coated silicon in the presence of aryldiazonium salt. The method described in this article will have important implications for building nano-or microscale functional structures.
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