Many behaviors are performed less frequently than intended because they require knowledge and skill to overcome behavioral barriers. This experiment tested effects of two factors, direct experience and message frame, that were hypothesized to affect men's intention to perform the testicle self-exam for cancer (TSE) and their actual exam performance, in part by affecting their knowledge and beliefs about overcoming TSE performance barriers. Men's experience performing the TSE on a life-like model and the frame (negative, positive, or neutral) of the recommendation promoting the exam were manipulated factorially. Consistent with prediction, men who practiced (vs. did not practice) the self-exam: (a) endorsed stronger beliefs about behavior-specific knowledge (e.g., ability to imagine a lump), (b) held more positive intention, and (c) translated that intention more consistently into self-reported action, in part because their behavior-specific knowledge increased their tendency to act on their intention. Consistent with action phase theory (Gollwitzer, 1990), intention related more strongly to behavior-specific beliefs than to general, long-term beliefs, and more strongly than attitude related to behavior-specific beliefs. These findings have practical and theoretical implications for promoting healthful and other intended behaviors.'We thank Shelly Chaiken for providing BSE brochures containing the framing manipulation used in Meyerowitz and Chaiken's (1987) experiment. We also thank Roy Lilly for data analytic advice, for their help collecting or managing data. We are grateful to Suzi Aberasturi and Linda Kern for helping analyze the data. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate five different models for the organization of the DSM-IV ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms (Model 1: a single factor model; Model 2: an ADHD and ODD two factor model; Model 3a: an inattention (INA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HYP/IMP), and ODD three factor model; Model 3b: an INA, HYP/IMP, and ODD three factor model where the three IMP symptoms cross-load on the ODD factor; Model 4: an INA, HYP, IMP, and ODD four factor model). To evaluate these models, maternal ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms were obtained at outpatient pediatric clinics on 742 children not in treatment and 91 children in treatment for ADHD. Model 3a resulted in a good fit as well as a significantly better fit than Model 2. Model 3a was also equivalent across treatment status, gender, and age groupings for the most part. Though Models 3b and 4 provided a statistically better fit than Model 3a, the improvement in fit was small and other model selection criteria argued against these more complex models.

This study investigated the effects of childhood sexual abuse and parental alcoholism in a sample of university women. Current symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured together with retrospective reports of subjects’ families of origin. Using a 2X2 factorial design, main effects on symptoms were obtained for sexual abuse and parental alcoholism, but their interaction was not significant. With respect to family environment, a history of sexual abuse was associated with perceptions that families of origin had less cohesion, more conflict, less emphasis on moral-religious matters, less emphasis on achievement, and less of an orientation towards intellectual, cultural, and recreational pursuits. Similarly, subjects who had alcoholic parents reported less family cohesion, more conflict, and less emphasis on moral-religious matters. Results of analyses of co variance suggested that family environment was a mediator of current symptoms of anxiety, but not symptoms of depression.

Single information sources such as teacher ratings are used to create and study the concurrent validity of the new ADHD subtypes (Gaub & Carlson, 1997). The purpose of this study was to determine if the findings from such studies are stable across time. To address this issue, teachers first rated 1,375 kindergarten to fifth grade children on ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms. These ADHD ratings were then used to form an ADHD/combined type (CT), an ADHD/inattentive type (IT), an ADHD/ hyperactive-impulsive type (HT), and a comparison group (CG). The four Lisa A. Teegarden is affiliated with the

Symptoms associated with histories of childhood sexual abuse and parental alcoholism were investigated in a sample of 364 university women. A significant association was found in occurrence between the two stressors, and a substantially higher level of symptoms was revealed in women who had experienced both during childhood.