Type 2 glycine transporter (GlyT2) mediates intracellular glycine transport and is expressed selectively in glycinergic neurons. Expression of GlyT2 gene promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in BAC transgenic mice allows selective visualization of glycinergic neurons by fluorescence microscopy. Here, we show that cerebellar interneuron precursors identified by the transcription factor Pax2, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons of the molecular layer (ML; basket and stellate cells), transiently express GlyT2-eGFP during development. In contrast, expression of endogenous GlyT2 is restricted to glycinergic Golgi cells. Comparison with knock-in mice expressing eGFP in GABAergic neurons [glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67-eGFP] revealed that GlyT2-eGFP expression often precedes GAD67-eGFP and is therefore a marker of immature GABAergic interneurons. In the internal granule cell layer, GABAergic Golgi cells differentiated shortly after birth, prior to glycinergic Golgi cells. In the ML, GlyT2-eGFP-positive precursor cells migrated until the boundary with the external granule cell layer, forming an inside-out maturation gradient that determined the final position of interneurons in the ML. After migration, GlyT2-eGFP gradually disappeared, while interneurons differentiated morphologically and became immunoreactive for parvalbumin, the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit, and the K(+)Cl(-) exchanger KCC2 (K(+)Cl(-) cotransporter type 2). Numerous presumptive GABAergic synaptic terminals were seen on immature ML interneurons as early as P4, preceding the expression of these neurochemical markers. These results suggest that GABAergic synaptogenesis marks the onset of differentiation of basket and stellate cells in the mouse cerebellum, and that GABAergic synaptic function might contribute to the differentiation of interneurons in the cerebellar cortex.

This study describes a survey of Ohio community mental health center psychiatrists' perceptions and practices regarding smoking cessation activities using the 5A's method of smoking cessation. Of the 150 psychiatrists surveyed, 80 (53%) were returned. The majority of psychiatrists reported asking their patients about cigarette smoking status as well as giving advice to quit. However, the practice of actually facilitating quit attempts (i.e. with social support, nicotine replacement therapy, referrals, and follow-up visits) was lacking. This demonstrates that although cigarette smoking in individuals with mental illness is recognized as a major problem by adult psychiatrists, too little is being done to adequately address the issue.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent that primary care providers assess overweight and obesity and offer treatment strategies during well visits in a family medicine setting.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 553 consecutive patients who presented for family medicine well visits. Patient charts were reviewed for documentation of body mass index (BMI) and patient education regarding weight, exercise, and diet.Results: BMI was calculated for 63.5% of adults at the well visit. For patients who were overweight or obese (BMI greater than 25), 48.9% received education on weight, 50.2% on diet, and 41% on exercise. Adults who had BMI calculated were also more likely to receive weight-related education (P < .001). Although height and weight were measured for most of the children and adolescents, their BMI-for-age was not calculated and they were unlikely to receive weight-related education.Conclusions

The objective of this study was to determine the reaction of middle/junior high school principals to the implementation of the Texas School Nutrition Policy. Twenty‐three school principals and one assistant principal from Texas were interviewed via phone using a semi‐structured, in‐depth question format. The interviews were audio taped then transcribed verbatim. Two researchers independently analyzed interviews using qualitative methods. A third researcher identified corroboration. Half of the principals liked the policy, four viewed it as ineffective, two did not like it, and three felt neutral. Most (70%) principals indicated that students did not like the policy initially but they adjusted. The main change schools made to comply was to modify vending machine content and accessibility. The main problem encountered was food brought into the school. Suggestions for changes were divided between wanting a stricter policy with more emphasis on nutritious foods in schools and wanting fewer restrictions such as allowing flexibility for parties and using food for rewards. Half of the schools realized a negative financial impact, mainly with fundraising. One theme to emerge was a need to define the role of parents versus schools in promoting healthful food choices. A second theme that surfaced was to improve communication of policy regulations and benefits to children and other stakeholders.