Highlights d Pro-glycolytic CAFs fuel cancer cell metabolism to support breast tumor growth d CAFs attain a pro-glycolytic phenotype by epigenetic control of glycolysis d Chronic hypoxia enables epigenetic reprogramming of glycolysis in fibroblasts
We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated genomic modification to investigate B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in cell lines of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Three manipulations that altered BCR genes without affecting surface BCR levels showed that BCR signaling differs between the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, which is insensitive to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib, and the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype. Replacing antigen-binding BCR regions had no effect on BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines, reflecting this subtype's exclusive use of tonic BCR signaling. Conversely, Y188F mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of CD79A inhibited tonic BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines but did not affect their calcium flux after BCR cross-linking or the proliferation of otherwise-unmodified ABC-DLBCL lines. CD79A-GFP fusion showed BCR clustering or diffuse distribution, respectively, in lines of ABC and GCB subtypes. Tonic BCR signaling acts principally to activate AKT, and forced activation of AKT rescued GCB-DLBCL lines from knockout (KO) of the BCR or 2 mediators of tonic BCR signaling, SYK and CD19. The magnitude and importance of tonic BCR signaling to proliferation and size of GCB-DLBCL lines, shown by the effect of BCR KO, was highly variable; in contrast, pan-AKT KO was uniformly toxic. This discrepancy was explained by finding that BCR KO-induced changes in AKT activity (measured by gene expression, CXCR4 level, and a fluorescent reporter) correlated with changes in proliferation and with baseline BCR surface density. PTEN protein expression and BCR surface density may influence clinical response to therapeutic inhibition of tonic BCR signaling in DLBCL.
Highlights d Single-cell RNA-seq of 31,964 cells from a lung-vessel cooption tumor model d The transcriptome of co-opted and healthy vascular cells is largely similar d Matrix-remodeling macrophages might assist invasive cancer cells to co-opt vessels d An M1-like macrophage subtype may keep vascular cells quiescent
Graphical Abstract Highlights d Four factors directly reprogram human somatic cells into selfrenewing iNBSCs d Multipotent iNBSCs can generate CNS and neural crest progeny d NBSCs can also be obtained by iPSC differentiation or from E8.5 mouse neural folds d Expandable iNBSCs can be easily modified via CRISPR/Cas9 to model neural diseases
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