Closed suction drainage has been used to prevent seroma formation after lumpectomy and axillary node dissection for breast cancer. To study the efficacy of closed suction drains, the authors conducted a prospective randomized study from 1987 to 1990 of 227 axillary dissections. One hundred eight were randomized to a drain group (DG) and 119 to a no drain group (NDG). Drains were removed on the first postoperative day just before patient discharge. Postoperatively, all palpable axillary collections were aspirated on each follow-up visit. The volume aspirated, the number of aspirations, the time to seroma resolution, and all complications were recorded. The mean number of aspirations in the DG was significantly lower than the NDG (2.2 +/- 2.2 versus 3.3 +/- 2.1; p less than or equal to 0.002). Mean volume aspirated in the DG (146.3 +/- 181.1 mL) was less than the NDG (266.1 +/- 247.6 mL; p less than or equal to 0.003), and the time to seroma resolution was decreased in the DG as compared with the NDG (11.5 +/- 10 days versus 18 +/- 10.1 days; p less than or equal to 0.0002). Closed suction drainage after lumpectomy and axillary node dissection is advantageous in decreasing the incidence and degree of seroma formation and need not delay early hospital discharge.

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Decisions about the need for radiation or systemic treatment of breast carcinoid tumors depend on one's interpretation of the pathogenesis of this disease. Breast conservation is a surgical option that has not been previously reported. Larger series of carcinoid tumors of the breast, their treatment, and their follow-up are needed.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of the results of the 12-gene DCIS Score assay on (i) radiotherapy recommendations for patients with pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) following breast-conserving surgery (BCS), and (ii) patient decisional conflict and state anxiety.MethodsThirteen sites across the US enrolled patients (March 2014–August 2015) with pure DCIS undergoing BCS. Prospectively collected data included clinicopathologic factors, physician estimates of local recurrence risk, DCIS Score results, and pre-/post-assay radiotherapy recommendations for each patient made by a surgeon and a radiation oncologist. Patients completed pre-/post-assay decisional conflict scale and state-trait anxiety inventory instruments.ResultsThe analysis cohort included 127 patients: median age 60 years, 80 % postmenopausal, median size 8 mm (39 % ≤5 mm), 70 % grade 1/2, 88 % estrogen receptor-positive, 75 % progesterone receptor-positive, 54 % with comedo necrosis, and 18 % multifocal. Sixty-six percent of patients had low DCIS Score results, 20 % had intermediate DCIS Score results, and 14 % had high DCIS Score results; the median result was 21 (range 0–84). Pre-assay, surgeons and radiation oncologists recommended radiotherapy for 70.9 and 72.4 % of patients, respectively. Post-assay, 26.4 % of overall recommendations changed, including 30.7 and 22.0 % of recommendations by surgeons and radiation oncologists, respectively. Among patients with confirmed completed questionnaires (n = 32), decision conflict (p = 0.004) and state anxiety (p = 0.042) decreased significantly from pre- to post-assay.ConclusionsIndividualized risk estimates from the DCIS Score assay provide valuable information to physicians and patients. Post-assay, in response to DCIS Score results, surgeons changed treatment recommendations more often than radiation oncologists. Further investigation is needed to better understand how such treatment changes may affect clinical outcomes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5583-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: In the management of DCIS clinicians and patients (pts) must choose between the various options for breast conservation treatment based on an assessment of local recurrence (LR) risk. Traditional clinicopathologic (CP) factors such as age, size, grade, margin width or comedo necrosis, provide an average LR risk derived from clinical trials and population studies. The Oncotype DX® 12-gene assay for DCIS gives individual 10-yr LR risk estimates and has now been validated in two studies in a total of 893 pts. We report the 2nd study assessing the impact of the DCIS Score result on XRT recommendations. In addition, surveys assessing pt and physician confidence will provide insight into the overall clinical utility of the DCIS Score result. Baseline characteristics including the pre-assay LR risk and XRT recommendation are described here; final results on change in XRT recommendation from pre- to post-assay and distribution of the score across the CP factors will be presented. Methods: 13 U.S. sites enrolled pts with DCIS from 3/2014-5/2015. Pts with LCIS but no DCIS, invasive BC, or planned mastectomy were excluded. Data were prospectively collected on CP factors, physician estimates of LR risk, DCIS score, and pre/post XRT recommendation. Each pt had a surgeon and radiation oncologist complete study surveys. Pt surveys were also administered pre/post assay for decision conflict and the STAIT anxiety survey. The LR risk estimates and XRT recommendations were analyzed for all physicians as well as by specialty. Descriptive statistics summarized study variables. 95% Clopper-Pearson Exact CIs were calculated for percent change in XRT recommendation. McNemar's test was used to determine if the proportion of pts had a significant change in XRT recommendation post assay. Paired t-tests were used to compare physician estimates of recurrence risk pre/post assay. Results: Of the 121 pts enrolled, median age was 61y (34-83) and 80.2% were postmenopausal. Median size was 8mm and 40% were < 5mm; 22.3% were grade 1, 51.2% grade 2, and 26.4% grade 3. Comedo necrosis was noted in 55.4% and 19% had multiple foci. Median margin width was 3mm and 47.1% had margins 1-3mm. ER and PR by IHC were positive in 88.4% and 75.2% of pts. Among the 242 MD risk assessments, mean 10-yr LR risk was 14.8% (range 4-50%) for any LR; 14.2% for surgeons and 15.3% for radiation oncologists. The pre-assay XRT recommendation was 70.2%; 68.6% for surgeons and 71.9% for radiation oncologists. Conclusions: The role of new molecular tools such as the DCIS Score assay that provide individual risk estimates for LR on treatment decisions is evolving. The DCIS pts enrolled in the study reveal inclusion of baseline features like higher nuclear grade (26%), comedo necrosis (55%) and margin width of 1-3mm (47%) that have historically been associated with XRT use. This represents a continued broadening of the assay use from the predominantly lower risk DCIS cohort in the 1st validation study (E5194). The impact on XRT decisions is critical to establishing the clinical utility of the assay. The decision impact analysis, differences in use of the assay among surgeons and radiation oncologists and the impact on overall confidence with the treatment decision will be presented. Citation Format: Manders JB, Kuerer HM, Smith BD, McCluskey C, Farrar WB, Frazier TG, Li L, Leonard CE, Carter DL, Chawla S, Medeiros LE, Guenther JM, Castellini LE, Buchholz DJ, Mamounas EP, Wapnir IL, Horst KC, Chagpar A, Evans SB, Riker AI, Vali FS, Solin LJ, Jablon L, Recht A, Sharma R, Lu R, Sing AP, Hwang ES, White J. The 12-gene DCIS score assay: Impact on radiation treatment (XRT) recommendations and clinical utility. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-03.