Urban mobility poses one of the pressing challenges in cities undergoing growing urbanisation. In order to cope with this issue, a shift in behaviour is necessary towards more sustainable means of transportation. Technology can mediate the process of behaviour change, and concepts such as persuasive technology and reflective learning are approaches in this context. In order to investigate currently envisioned or implemented technological solutions, particular in the context of the smart city notion, this paper presents a systematic literature review. Three areas are thereby of interest: the utilised technology, behaviour change strategies, and citizen participation in the development process of the interventions. A total of 14 different applications were included in the final review. The findings show that mobile devices are being prevalently used, persuasive strategies are foremost mentioned, and end-user involvement is happening late in the development process and serves primarily testing purposes. This points out that there are still various unexplored possibilities in the aforementioned areas. It is suggested that future research should explore opportunities stemming from ubiquitous technology, employ behaviour change strategies grounded in reflective learning, and approach the current shortcomings in citizen involvement with participatory methods. IntroductionCities are increasingly gaining in importance and are considered driving forces of the future [1]. This development stems foremost from growing urbanisation, with more and more people moving and living in urban areas. As of 2016, 54.5% of the world's population were estimated to be living in urban settlements, current trends forecast an increase to 60% in 2030 [28]. Rapid growth assigns cities a significant social, economic and environmental function [1], but also lets them face complex challenges in the process. In this context, the concept of "smart cities" has been coined to indicate cities that devise strategies to mitigate those challenges in a smart way [12]. Some of these challenges are indicated by greenhouse gas emissions. According to Hildermeier and Villareal [18], urban transport makes up approximately a quarter of CO 2 emissions with respect to overall transport. With 73.7% cars represent thereby the prevalent form of travel. Urban transport hence exerts ample influence on the quality of life in a city, being a causer of traffic congestion, noise-and air pollution [18], having harmful effects on public health. Consequently, cities need to respond to this issue by reducing car usage and increasing the utilisation of more sustainable means of urban mobility, such as walking, biking or public transportation, in other words a change in behaviour is inevitable. Technology is noted for being a "key driver" within smart city initiatives [12]. It can also be utilised to foster behaviour change, here the notion of "persuasive technology" is well-established. Persuasive technology, that is "any interactive computing system designed to change people's...

Modern cities are increasing in geographical size, population and number. While this development ascribes cities an important function, it also entails various challenges. Efficient urban mobility, energy saving, waste reduction and increased citizen participation in public life are some of the pressing challenges recognized by the United Nations. Retaining livable cities necessitates a change in behaviour in the citizens, promoting sustainability and seeking an increase in the quality of life. Technology possesses the capabilities of mediating behaviour change. A review of existing works highlighted a rather unilateral utilization of technology, mostly consisting of mobile devices, employment of persuasive strategies for guiding behaviour change, and late end-user involvement in the design of the application, primarily for testing purposes. These findings leave the door open to unexplored research approaches, including opportunities stemming from the Internet of Things, reflective learning as behaviour change strategy, and active involvement of end-users in the design and development process. We present Tiles-Reflection, an extension of the Tiles toolkit, a card-based ideation toolkit for the Internet of Things. The extension comprises components for reflective learning, allowing thus non-expert end-users to co-create behaviour change applications. The results of the evaluation suggest that the tool was perceived as useful by participants, fostering reflection on different aspects connected to societal challenges in the smart city. Furthermore, application ideas developed by the users successfully implemented the reflective learning model adopted.