Blowfly larvae and porcine tissue contaminated with gunshot residue (GSR) were collected during summer and winter months, over a 37-day and a 60-day sampling period, respectively. Wound samples were microwave-digested and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the detection of antimony, barium, and lead. During summer, the 37-day sampling period encompassed all stages of decomposition, except skeletonization. The three elements were detected in larvae only on days 3 and 4 after death but were detected at significant levels in tissue samples throughout the entire sampling period. In winter, no significant decomposition was observed throughout the 60-day sampling. Although temperatures were too low for blowfly activity, the three elements were detected in the tissue samples at relatively constant, significant levels. Hence, GSR determination in tissue was more dependent on decomposition stage rather than time since death.

Two-thirds of patients who present with metastatic prostate cancer (PC) are dead within 5 years of diagnosis. The comparable survival rate for patients with localized disease is 100%, which clearly stresses the need for pursuing and developing bioassays that allow prediction of which localized cases are most likely to metastasize. The commonly assayed prostate specific antigen (PSA), while touted as a transformation biomarker, has recently proven to be problematic in the area of false positive diagnoses. It remains, however, a hallmark gene for studying androgen regulation as its expression is reliably stimulated by androgens such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Herein, we have elucidated the effects of flutamide (a defined anti-androgen) and DHT on the expression of PSA and Zinc finger E-box Binding factor (ZEB-1). Additionally, we assayed the androgenic capabilities of two DHT derivatives on expression of PSA. Our previous research had identified ZEB-1 as a putative biomarker for the onset of metastasis in prostate cancer. The expression of this gene is regulated by androgen and decreases sharply at metastasis. In the current study, the effects of 1 and 10 nM flutamide, in combination with 1 and 10 nM DHT, on expression of ZEB-1 and PSA, were investigated in 22Rv1, an androgen-responsive human PC cell line. Also in this cell line, the effects of testosterone propionate and dehydroisoandrosterone were studied. Our research confirmed the feasibility of considering ZEB-1 a metastatic PCa biomarker, using the highly sensitive technique of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Interestingly, it also revealed the danger of using flutamide as a therapeutic antagonist, as we demonstrate herein its alarming capability to behave as an agonist.