All three scoring systems demonstrated reliability among observers and represent novel methods of quantitatively describing renal tumors. They were all associated with WIT, percent change in creatinine level, and tumor size. They did not, however, correlate with any other perioperative parameters investigated. At this time, these SS provide a common language for describing renal tumors.

This is a study of the metabolic and distal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to antidepressants (ADs) in adults aged 18-65 years, based on data from Thomson Reuters MarketScan V R Research Databases 2006-2010, a commercial U.S. claims database. Interventions included clinicians' choice treatment with SGAs (allowing any comedications) versus ADs (not allowing SGAs). The primary outcomes of interest were time to inpatient or outpatient claims for the following diagnoses within one year of SGA or AD discontinuation: hypertension, ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Secondary outcomes included the same diagnoses at last follow-up time point, i.e., not censoring observations at 365 days after SGA or AD discontinuation. Cox regression models, adjusted for age, gender, diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and number of medical comorbidities, were run. Among 284,234 individuals, those within one year of exposure to SGAs versus ADs showed a higher risk of essential hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR51.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.21, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (AHR51.43, CI: 1.33-1.53, p<0.0001), hypertensive heart disease (AHR51.34, CI: 1.10-1.63, p<0.01), stroke (AHR51.46, CI: 1.22-1.75, p<0.0001), coronary artery disease (AHR51.17, CI: 1.05-1.30, p<0.01), and hyperlipidemia (AHR51.12, CI: 1.07-1.17, p<0.0001). Unrestricted follow-up results were consistent with within one-year post-exposure results. Increased risk for stroke with SGAs has previously only been demonstrated in elderly patients, usually with dementia. This study documents, for the first time, a significantly increased risk for stroke and coronary artery disease in a non-elderly adult sample with SGA use. We also confirm a significant risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. These findings raise concerns about the longer-term safety of SGAs, given their widespread and chronic use.

Fulguration of Hunner ulcers can be an effective treatment for patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and focal Hunner ulcers involving less than 25% of the bladder who have symptoms refractory to other therapies. However, a significant subset requires repeat treatment and some patients may even go on to require cystectomy.

Fracture rates increased significantly in hemodialysis patients from 1992 to 2004, with most of the increase occurring in elderly white patients. Assessment of fracture risk and management in dialysis patients at greatest risk requires greater emphasis and further study.