The genome sequences of 175 Ebola virus from five districts in Sierra Leone, collected during September–November 2014, show that the rate of virus evolution seems to be similar to that observed during previous outbreaks and that the genetic diversity of the virus has increased substantially, with the emergence of several novel lineages. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature14490) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A simple model of surfactants in aqueous solution is described and molecular dynamics simulations are presented. This model qualitatively reproduces the energy ordering of interactions for surfactants in solution, instead of using the symmetric solvent−solvent and hydrocarbon−hydrocarbon interactions used previously in similar models. The effects of surfactant chain length and concentration are investigated. The results show that the tendency toward micelle formation in the model increases as the chain length is increased and that the type of micelle formed varies with surfactant concentration. Transitions from loose aggregates to spherical micelles to cylindrical micelles are seen as surfactant chain length is increased. A transition from cylindrical micelles to spherical micelles is also seen as surfactant concentration is lowered.

Litter decomposition plays a key role in ecosystem nutrients cycling, yet, to date science is lacking a comprehensive understanding of the non-additive effect in mixing litter decomposition.In order to fill that gap, we compiled 69 individual studies for the purpose of performing two sub-meta-analyses on the non-additive effect.Our results show that a significantly synergistic effect occurs at global scale with the average increase by 2-4% in litter mixture decomposition; In particular, low-quality litter in mixture shows a significantly synergistic effect, while no significant change is observed with high-quality species. Additionally, the synergistic effect turns into the antagonistic effect when soil fauna is absent or litter decomposition enters into humus-near stage. In contrast to temperate and tropical areas, studies in frigid area also show a significantly antagonistic effect.Our meta-analysis provides a systematic evaluation of the non-additive effect in decomposition mixed litters, which is critical for understanding and improving the carbon forecasts and nutrient dynamics.

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