Although a substantial number of studies have examined public attitudes toward the police, a relatively thin line of research has assessed police attitudes toward the citizenry in China. Using survey data collected from a sample of approximately 200 Chinese police officers, the current study examined the effects of police officers’ demographic characteristics, socialization and experience factors, and role orientations on officers’ attitudes toward citizen virtue, citizen cooperation with the police, and citizen input in police work. Results indicated that background and experience characteristics were ineffective in predicting the three aspects of officer attitudes toward citizens. Crime-fighting and service orientations were found to be related to officers’ attitudes toward the citizenry. Findings of this study enhance our understanding of police occupational attitudes in China and provide valuable implications for policy and future research.

Although previous research ignores other subsidy groups, we conduct a comprehensive study. In our closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) model, the manufacturer can produce either new products or remanufactured products of end-of-life (EOL) products recycled by independent recyclers. Our core objective is to explore the pricing strategies of the two products under different government subsidy plans and which groups the government subsidy plans should target. Considering the consumers' discount perception and uncertainty of recovery rate, we construct four game models: (1) no subsidy (Scenario N); (2) subsidy for the manufacturer (Scenario M); (3) subsidy fof the four models. We also compare the profits and social welfare in these four models and find that the Scenario C has the most significant improvement in enterprise profits and social welfare compared to other models. r the recycler (Scenario R); (4) subsidy for consumers (Scenario C). We first obtain the equilibrium strategies oFinally, in scenario C , when consumers' discount perception increases, the quantity of new products first rises then falls, and the quantity of remanufactured is on the contrary.

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ObjectivesThe residential population of an area is an incomplete measure of the number of people that are momentarily present in the area, and of limited value as an indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. By accounting for the mobility of the population, measures of ambient population better reflect the momentary presence of people. They have therefore become an alternative indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. This study considers the heterogeneity of the ambient population by distinguishing residents, employees and visitors as different categories, and explores their differential impact on thefts, both on weekdays and weekends. Methods We analyze one-year of police recorded thefts across 2104 1 km 2 grid cells in a central area in Beijing, China. Controlling for the effects of attractiveness, accessibility, and guardianship, we estimate a series of negative binominal models to investigate the differential effects of the three groups (residents, employees and visitors) in the ambient population on crime frequencies, both on weekdays and during weekends and holidays. Results Overall, larger ambient populations imply larger theft frequencies. The effect of visitors is stronger than the effects of residents and employees. The effects of residents and employees vary over the course of the week. On weekdays, the presence of residents is more important, while the reverse holds true during weekends and holidays. Discussion The effects of ambient population on thefts vary by its composition in terms of social roles. The larger role of visitors is presumably because in addition to being potential victims, residents and employees may also exercise informal social control. In addition, they spend more time indoors than where risk of theft is lower, while visitors might spend more time outdoors and may also bring about greater anonymity and weaken informal social control.