The rapid pace of urban development and farmer differentiation has led to large-scale migration of farmers to cities, resulting in the abandonment of rural homesteads in China. This study aims to explore the key factors influencing farmers' willingness and choices to withdraw from rural homesteads and find the key factor of different groups of farmer differentiation degree.Data from 479 farmers in Weinan and Shizuishan and multigroup structural equation model were used for analysis. The results showed that labor supply shortages in completely non-agricultural farmer households had the greatest influence on their willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads. Whether a withdrawal compensation could guarantee farmers' future livelihood has the greatest influence on willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads among non-agricultural and agricultural farmer households. The per-capita area of rural homesteads has the greatest influence on willingness to withdraw among completely agricultural farmer households.Regardless of the farmer differentiation degree, whether the withdrawal compensation can guarantee their future livelihood significantly affects farmers' willingness to withdraw from their rural homesteads. The policy implication of the study was that, for different levels of

Following the trends of Chinese rural transformation development, and the sustainable development goals for resources and environment, reasonable arranging the potential development space and the ecological space, so as to optimize the distributions of rural settlement would be the key challenge for rural areas in ecologically fragile regions. From the perspective of maintaining regional ecological security, this paper takes Da'an City, a typical ecological fragile region in Jilin Province, as the case area, constructing the comprehensive ecological security pattern (ESP) on basis of landscape ecology, and applying the landscape pattern indexes to quantitative analysis the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements. Then, different optimization directions and management strategies are put forward for rural settlements in each secure zone under the comprehensive ESP. The experimental results showed that 1) the area of the low security zone, the general security zone, the moderate security zone and the extreme security zone was 1570.18 km 2 , 1463.36 km 2 , 1215.80 km 2 and 629.77 km 2 , representing 32.18%, 29.99%, 24.92% and 12.91% of the total area of the target area, respectively.2) The rural settlements in Da'an City were characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with a large number of small-scale patches.3) The area of rural settlements in the ecological relocation zone, the in situ remediation zone, the limited development zone and the key development zone was 22.80 km 2 , 42.31 km 2 , 36.28 km 2 and 19.40 km 2 , accounting for 18.88%, 35.03%, 30.04% and 16.06% of the total area of rural settlements, respectively. Then, different measures were proposed for settlements in different optimization zones in order to scientifically plan important ecological space, production space and living space in rural areas. This paper aims to provide fundamental support for rural settlements based on redistribution from the perspective of landscape ecology and provide insights for rural planning and rural habitat environmental improvement.

The concept of Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) is indispensable when balancing the need for economic development and ecological protection, because it can clarify the ecological assets and values provided by a region. The study of spatio-temporal variation of ESV in ecologically fragile regions is helpful when attempting to restore regional ecological function. Taking the ecologically fragile area in Western Jilin as an example, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution and spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the integrated ecosystem service value (IESV) in the study area by constructing an IESV model. The drivers of spatial differentiation of integrated ESV in the study area and the mechanisms controlling the interaction between various factors are examined using the geographical detector technique. The results showed that the areas of high value with integrated ecosystem services in Western Jilin were mainly distributed in protected areas, and that there has been a downward trend in the past 23 years. Moreover, the explanatory ability of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was strongest of any of the natural factors considered. Among the socio-economic factors, the explanatory power of the human activity index (HAI) was greatest. Additionally, the interaction between natural factors and socio-economic factors exhibits synergistic enhancement, which affects the degree of spatial differentiation of IESV. The spatio-temporal variation in IESV is the result of the joint action between human activities and natural factors. This study can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of ecosystems and the development of ecological security in Western Jilin.

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