Brazilian Cerrado biome is the largest and richest tropical savanna in the world. In order to understand the effects of climate changes on the hydrology of the Cerrado basins, this paper investigates the hydrological impacts of climate change throughout the 21st century under different emissions scenarios on the streamflow and on the droughts in the Sono, Manuel Alves da Natividade and Palma basins, located in the Brazilian Cerrado. For this purpose, the SWAT hydrological model driven by the downscaling of the HadGEM2‐ES and MIROC5 global climate models associated with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used in three time slices (2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2099). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSFI) were used to characterize droughts. In general, the results showed that the duration, intensity and frequency of the meteorological and hydrological droughts are expected to increase during the future periods. However, the hydrological droughts are projected to be larger than the meteorological droughts. Reductions in the streamflow are indicated in all future time slices and under both RCPs, especially, during dry periods, which may cause negative impacts in the ecological functions of the Cerrado biome, risk for reduction of the recharge of aquifers and risk for the electric energy production in northern Brazil.
Climate change impacts need to be considered in water resource planning. This work aims to study of the impacts climate change on Lavrinha headwater watershed, located in the Mantiqueira Range, southeastern Brazil. The impacts from climate change (RCP 8.5 scenario) in the Lavrinha watershed runoff were analyzed based on the "Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model" (DHSVM), forced with the climate simulated for this future climate change scenario. These simulations, in turn, were generated by the Eta regional climate model coupled to Global Climate Model (GCM) HadGEM2-ES for the 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2099 periods. The results of this study showed that the runoff is very sensitive to rising temperatures and reduced precipitation, both projected for the RCP 8.5 scenario. The hydrological simulation projected a reduction in the monthly streamflow between 20 and 77% over the twenty-first century , corresponding to drastic reductions in the runoff behavior and consequently in the water production capacity of the region.Index terms: Downscaling; Eta model; DHSVM; hydrological impacts. RESUMOO impacto das mudanças climáticas precisa ser considerado no planejamento dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo dos impactos das mudanças climáticas na bacia de cabeceira Lavrinha, localizada na Serra da Mantiqueira, Sudeste do Brasil. Os impactos oriundos das mudanças climáticas (cenário RCP 8.5) no escoamento da bacia hidrográfica Lavrinha foram analisados com base no modelo "Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model" (DHSVM), forçado com as condições climáticas simuladas para este cenário futuro de mudanças climáticas. Estas simulações, por sua vez, foram geradas pelo modelo climático regional Eta acoplado ao Modelo Climático Global (MCG) HadGEM2-ES, nos períodos de 2011-2040, 2041-2070 e 2071-2099. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a vazão é bastante sensível ao aumento da temperatura e diminuição da precipitação, ambos projetados para o cenário RCP 8.5. A simulação hidrológica projetou uma redução na vazão mensal entre 20 e 77% ao longo do século XXI (2011 a 2099), correspondendo a reduções drásticas no escoamento e, consequentemente, na capacidade de produção de água da região.Termos para indexação: Downscaling; modelo Eta; DHSVM; impactos hidrológicos.
ABSTRACT:In recent years, concerns regarding the impacts of deforestation of riparian vegetation on water resources have created social and political tensions in Brazil. This research analyzed simulated hydrologic components of a 6.76 km 2 headwater watershed with different widths of riparian vegetation. Lavrinha Watershed (LW) hydrological responses were simulated using the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), which was forced using meteorological data from one station (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010). Land cover scenarios where the percent land cover of Atlantic Forest was increased from the control resulted in changes in hydrologic components in the watershed due to increased evapotranspiration and rainfall interception and reduced runoff and overland flow. The base flow/runoff relationship has increased, suggesting that riparian vegetation plays an important role in groundwater recharge. Modeling of hydrologic components linked to riparian buffer scenarios, such as the process used in this study, can be a useful tool for decision-making strategies regarding watershed management. IMPACTOS HIDROLÓGICOS DEVIDO ÀS ALTERAÇÕES NA LARGURARIPÁRIA EM UMA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DE CABECEIRA RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, as preocupações quanto aos impactos do desmatamento da vegetação ripária nos recursos hídricos criaram tensões sociais e políticas no Brasil. Esta pesquisa analisou os componentes hidrológicos simulados de uma bacia hidrográfica de cabeceira de 6,76 km 2 com diferentes larguras de vegetação ripária. As respostas hidrológicas da Bacia Hidrográfica Lavrinha (BHL) foram simuladas utilizando o Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) que foi forçado usando dados meteorológicos de uma estação (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010). Os cenários de cobertura do solo em que o percentual da Mata Atlântica foi aumentado do controle resultaram em mudanças nas componentes hidrológicas na bacia hidrográfica devido ao incremento da evapotranspiração e intercepção da precipitação e redução do escoamento total e escoamento superficial. A relação escoamento base/escoamento total aumentou, sugerindo que a vegetação ripária desempenha um papel importante na recarga de água subterrânea. A modelagem dos componentes hidrológicos, associada aos cenários de larguras ripárias, como o processo utilizado para este estudo, pode ser uma ferramenta útil para as estratégias de tomada de decisão referente à gestão de bacias hidrográficas.
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