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The association of the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) and the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) has been a controversial subject. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of FV consumption and the risk of PMOP. PubMed, Web of Science and Wan Fang were searched for relevant articles published up to March 2018. To evaluate the association of FV intake and PMOP risk, combined odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the fixed or random effects model. Eighteen studies involving 12 643 participants were included in this meta-analysis. When comparing the highest with the lowest consumption, the pooled OR of PMOP was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.56-0.83; I2 = 57.3%; REM) for fruit and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.65-1.16; I2 = 68.9%; REM) for vegetables. For the intake of fruit and the risk of PMOP, subgroup analysis showed a significant association in case-control studies (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.77; I2 = 3.1%; FEM) and cross-sectional studies (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.89; I2 = 61.1%; REM). For the intake of vegetables and the risk of PMOP, subgroup analysis showed a significant association in case-control studies (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.90; I2 = 0.0%; FEM) but not in cross-sectional studies (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.69-1.29; I2 = 68.9%; REM). This meta-analysis indicates that fruit intake might be beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The findings need to be confirmed by further investigations.

ObjectiveEpidemiological investigations evaluating the association of dietary Ca intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk have yielded controversial results. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the association between dietary Ca intake and the risk of MetS.DesignPubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles published up to October 2018. The pooled OR and 95 % CI were calculated with a random-effects model.SettingMeta-analysis.ParticipantsNine cross-sectional studies.ResultsA total of nine articles with fifteen studies for dietary Ca intake were finally included in the meta-analysis. The combined OR with 95 % CI of MetS for the highest v. lowest category of dietary Ca intake was 0·80 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·91). For dose–response analysis, a non-linear relationship was found between dietary intake of Ca and risk of MetS (Pnon-linearity<0·001). The threshold for dietary Ca intake was 280 mg/d (OR=0·87; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·93), reducing the risk of MetS by 13 %.ConclusionsThe present meta-analysis suggests that dietary Ca intake might reduce the risk of MetS, which needs to be further confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.