It is widely believed that hybrid electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter (HEF) is one of the most optimized solutions for EMI elimination. Nevertheless, the desire for a smaller and lighter filtering method has never stopped. To further reduce the size and weight of a hybrid EMI filter, this paper proposes a multi-function common mode choke (MCMC) used in HEF. It differs from the traditional common mode (CM) choke in that two functions of (1) CM signal sensing and (2) CM noise suppression are integrated into one choke. In such a proposed MCMC design, the traditional current transformer (CT) is eliminated in the hybrid filter topology. This technique could reduce the size, weight, and cost of the filter to a great extent. Based on the MCMC, a novel CM filter is proposed to achieve high-performance noise suppression. System model and stability feature of the new filter are developed and investigated in detail. A filter prototype based on the proposed MCMC is constructed. It is tested on a 100-W commercial ac/dc converter. The experimental results show that the proposed CM filter can provide better EMI noise suppression with a smaller size. The insertion loss could reach 50 dB at low frequencies and 40 dB at high frequencies.INDEX TERMS Hybrid EMI filter, common mode choke, modeling, electromagnetic interference (EMI).

The economic dispatch (ED) operation is based on determining the optimal output of all the distributed energy resources (DERs) of a microgrid to meet the load demand at the lowest cost. In this paper, a smart commercial building model is supplied by several distributed generations (DGs), for example, PV power plants, diesel generators, and energy storage system (ESS). In addition, the microgrid is connected to the main grid (grid-connected mode), which allows the system to trade power with the main grid. The aim of this paper is managing DERs that operate over a time horizon and satisfy several key constraints at the lowest possible cost. Therefore, an improved energy management (EM) operation is proposed to achieve better energy efficiency in the building. In the proposed EM operation, the ED problem is investigated according to several aspects, such as the impact of air temperature, thermal resistance (R) of the building envelope, and time horizon (day-ahead ED and five-minute-ahead ED). Finally, the results of the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) are used to validate the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed EM operation. INDEX TERMS Economic dispatch, energy management, impact of air temperature, microgrid, smart building.

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