Chlamydial infections were determined serologically among wild ruminants in the Nature Park of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas (CNP; Spain). Sampling was done during the period from 1990-95. There were 1,244 blood samples collected, consisting of 490 from fallow deer (Dama dama), 343 from mouflon (Ovis mussimon), 283 from red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 128 from Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Specific complement-fixing antibodies of Chlamydia spp. were detected by means of microtechnique, using lipopolysaccharide antigen. The relationship of biological (species, sex, age), temporal (year) and territorial (central and peripheral areas) factors to seropositive prevalence was examined, and preliminary data were collected on whether or not sheep and goat herds grazing in the peripheral areas of the park also were infected with Chlamydia spp. Chlamydiosis was common in the four species of wild ruminants in the CNP in all the years studied. The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. in mouflon (37%) was significantly greater than in fallow deer (30%), and both had a significantly higher prevalence rate than Spanish ibex and red deer (both 24%). The four species of wild ruminants were similar in that they act as reservoirs of Chlamydia spp., although their receptivity may be different, and the infection can certainly be maintained among these animals by intra-group transmission. The differences in prevalences and geometric mean titers (GMT), both between the sexes (male versus female) and between different ages (adult versus juvenile), were insignificant in all four species. For all species of wild ruminants both prevalence rates and GMTs were greater in populations occupying the peripheral areas of the park than in those inhabiting the central area. Herds of sheep and goats had a high prevalence of chlamydiosis. Intertransmission of Chlamydia sp. between wild and domestic ruminants occurred through grazing on the same pastures. The highest mean prevalence (44%) of patent infections (CFT titers of Ն1:80) was detected in red deer, although this frequency was not significantly different from those observed in mouflon (39%), Spanish ibex (38%), and fallow deer (37%). The proportion of patent infection was higher in females than in males, and none of the juveniles (Ͻ2-yr-old) showed patent infections. The prevalence of predicted patent chlamydial infections was always higher in the peripheral areas of the park, although only among mouflon and fallow deer were the differences statistically significant.

The aim of this study was to determine the serological presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in horses of wetland "Abras de Mantequilla", Los Ríos, Ecuador, during the rainy season of 2012. The samples received were selected according to the presence or absence of disease which belonged to horses in the study area. During the study, a total of 118 horses were examined by ELISA detection of IgG and IgM antibodies. The incidence was 36.44% and the prevalence was 33.05%. The highest incidence occurred at the Mapancillo (28%) locality and the lowest was in La Luz (13%). Age distribution was: 1-5 years (32.55%); 6-10 years (27.91%); 11-15 years (23.26%); 16-20 years (16.28%). The 53.48% of the infected animals were males and 46.52% were female. All animals were criollos mixed race. The presence of WNV was demonstrated through the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in blood serum of horses at the wetlands "Abras de Mantequilla" Los Ríos, Ecuador.Keywords: West Nile virus; ELISA IgG and IgM: equines. ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia serológica del virus del Nilo Occidental (VNO) en los caballos de los humedales "Abras de Mantequilla", Los Ríos, Ecuador, durante la temporada de lluvias del 2012. Las muestras analizadas fueron registradas de acuerdo a la presencia o ausencia de enfermedad y que pertenecía a los caballos en el área de estudio. Durante el estudio, un total de 118 caballos se examinaron por ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos IgG e IgM. La incidencia fue del 36,44% y la prevalencia fue del 33,05%. La incidencia más alta se produjo en la localidad Mapancillo (28%) y la más baja fue en La Luz (13%). La distribución por edad fue: 1-5 años (32,55%); 6-10 años (27,91%); 11-15 años (23,26%); 16-20 años (16,28%). El 53,48% de los animales infectados eran machos y 46,52% hembras. Todos los animales fueron de raza mixta-criolla. La presencia indirecta del virus, se demostró a través de la detección de anticuerpos IgG e IgM en el suero sanguíneo de los caballos en los humedales "Abras de Mantequilla" Los Ríos, Ecuador.Palabras Clave: virus del Nilo Occidental; ELISA IgG e IgM; equinos.

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el primer nivel de Prevención en Atención Primaria en Salud, en lo que respecta a higiene laboral y su incidencia en la presentación de riesgos en la salud de los trabajadores recolectores de basura, caso del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado, GAD, del cantón Marcelino Maridueña, provincia del Guayas, Ecuador. En esta investigación se señala como uno de los problemas: el desconocimiento y el manejo de los respectivos protocolos de salud en cuanto a la protección de la integridad del trabajador. Se comprobó en el proceso de recolección de datos por medio de la encuesta, que no existe Atención Primaria en Salud, donde se prevenga enfermedades y riesgos de contraerlas. La Bioseguridad por medio de la protección con el equipo y materiales apropiados es de suma importancia dentro del área de recolección de basura; de eso depende el cuidado y prevención de enfermedades causadas por virus o microorganismos que incurran en cuadros clínicos complicados para la salud de los operarios, y, poder realizar sus actividades con la seguridad y confianza respectiva. Abstract The aim of this research was to determine the first level of prevention in primary health care in regard to occupational health and its impact on the presence of risks in the health of garbage collector workers from the Canton Marcelino Maridueña, GAD, Guayas province, Ecuador. In this research, it is identified as one of the problems: the lack of knowledge and management of the health protocols concerning the protection of the integrity of the worker. Based on the data collection process of the survey, it was proved that there is no primary health care to prevent the risks of acquiring diseases. Biosecurity through protection with appropriate equipment and materials is essential in the area of garbage collection; these elements are the base for the care and prevention of diseases caused by viruses or microorganisms that present complicated medical conditions for the health of workers, so they can be able to carry out their activities with safety and appropriate confidence.

Wearable devices are starting to gain popularity, which means that a large portion of the population is starting to acquire these products. This kind of technology comes with a lot of advantages, as it simplifies different tasks people do daily. However, as they recollect sensitive data, they are starting to be targets for cybercriminals. The number of attacks on wearable devices forces manufacturers to improve the security of these devices to protect them. Many vulnerabilities have appeared in communication protocols, specifically Bluetooth. We focus on understanding the Bluetooth protocol and what countermeasures have been applied during their updated versions to solve the most common security problems. We have performed a passive attack on six different smartwatches to discover their vulnerabilities during the pairing process. Furthermore, we have developed a proposal of requirements needed for maximum security of wearable devices, as well as the minimum requirements needed to have a secure pairing process between two devices via Bluetooth.