Bats are hosts of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) known to potentially cross the host-species barrier. For analysing coronavirus diversity in a bat species-rich country, a total of 421 anal swabs/faecal samples from Costa Rican bats were screened for CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences by a pancoronavirus PCR. Six families, 24 genera and 41 species of bats were analysed. The detection rate for CoV was 1%. Individuals (n = 4) from four different species of frugivorous (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata and Carollia castanea) and nectivorous (Glossophaga soricina) bats were positive for coronavirus-derived nucleic acids. Analysis of 440 nt. RdRp sequences allocated all Costa Rican bat CoVs to the α-CoV group. Several CoVs sequences clustered near previously described CoVs from the same species of bat, but were phylogenetically distant from the human CoV sequences identified to date, suggesting no recent spillover events. The Glossophaga soricina CoV sequence is sufficiently dissimilar (26% homology to the closest known bat CoVs) to represent a unique coronavirus not clustering near other CoVs found in the same bat species so far, implying an even higher CoV diversity than previously suspected.
SUMMARYSeroprevalence of HCMV in Costa Rica is greater than 95% in adults; primary infections occur early in life and is the most frequent congenital infection in newborns. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability and genotypes of HCMV gB gene in Costa Rica. Samples were collected from alcoholics, pregnant women, blood donors, AIDS patients, hematologyoncology (HO) children and HCMV isolates from neonates with cytomegalic inclusion disease. A semi-nested PCR system was used to obtain a product of 293-296 bp of the gB gene to be analyzed by Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing to determine the genetic polymorphic pattern and genotypes, respectively. AIDS patients showed the highest polymorphic diversity with 14 different patterns while fifty-six percent of HO children samples showed the same polymorphic pattern, suggesting in this group a possible nosocomial infection. In neonates three genotypes (gB1, gB2 and gB3), were determined while AIDS patients and blood donors only showed one (gB2). Of all samples analyzed only genotypes gB1, 2 and 3 were determined, genotype gB2 was the most frequent (73%) and mixed infections were not detected. The results of the study indicate that SSCP could be an important tool to detect HCMV intra-hospital infections and suggests a need to include additional study populations to better determine the genotype diversity and prevalence.
The most important factor related to treatment response in this study was adherence to treatment. Mutations in RT were related to the treatment failure while the ones found in PT were secondary mutations which have been previously described to influence the selection of primary resistance mutations in these regions. The study reveals the urgency to detect resistant mutations in VF to be considered by physicians for selection of treatment schedule, to analyze basal HIV patients for monitoring of the spread of resistant mutations and the importance to reinforce the adherence in the patients for overall treatment outcome.
The B subtype is predominant in Costa Rican HIV-positive patients. There is high variability within sequences with potential recombination between B and F or D subtypes. The BD recombinant has not been previously reported. This high variability is likely the result of possible recombinant events, nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy, sexual intercourse without protection, and many sexual partners. Similar studies should be done in other countries in the Region, in particular in those places with extensive immigration, in order to decrease the possibility of virus variability as well as the cost of antiretroviral therapy.
Justificación y objetivo: La primo infección con el virus dengue varía desde asintomática hasta cuadros muy severos, como el dengue hemorrágico o el síndrome de choque por dengue. El Distrito Primero de Puntarenas ha sido una de las poblaciones más afectadas desde 1993, cuando aparecieron los primeros brotes, hasta hoy, con una disminución de la incidencia en los últimos años. La región Brunca fue la segunda en incidencia en el país en 1998, y si bien la endemicidad se ha mantenido, no existen estudios epidemiológicos sobre la prevalencia de esta enfermedad; los datos que aporta el Ministerio de Salud corresponden a la incidencia de casos clínicos en un período determinado. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia en el Distrito Primero de Puntarenas y en Golfito para conocer la vulnerabilidad de la población de sufrir fiebre hemorrágica por dengue y analizar la situación asociada a los datos epidemiológicos de estas regiones, tales como edad, sexo y ubicación geográfica, ya que una población susceptible es la que presenta una alta seroprevalencia, unida a condiciones de hacinamiento y alta densidad vectorial.Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con el método EPI descrito por la OMS. Se recolectaron 210 muestras de suero en cada distrito, se desarrolló y estandarizó una prueba de ELISA de captura de antígeno para la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG contra dengue, usando como referencia el método de reducción de placas de Dulbecco considerado estándar de oro.Resultados: La seroprevalencia contra dengue fue del 43.8% (92) y del 90% (189) en los distritos de Golfito y Central de Puntarenas, respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas respecto al sexo, la edad y la localidad. Se obtuvo un 83% y un 95% de correlación en Golfito y Puntarenas, respectivamente, entre los casos sintomáticos y la serología con el método estandarizado. Un 32% y un 42% del total de seropositivos en cada localidad afirmaron no haber padecido fiebre por dengue, lo cual refleja, por tratarse de una muestra representativa, que existe al menos un porcentaje similar en el resto de la población con infección asintomática.Conclusión: La seropositividad de la población contra el virus dengue en el distrito Central de Puntarenas es muy alta, y aunque Golfito ha sido un distrito con reporte de baja incidencia para dengue desde 1998 hasta la fecha, este estudio demuestra que cerca del 50% de la población presenta anticuerpos contra el virus, lo que significa un alto riesgo de desarrollar dengue hemorrágico en estas localidades en una futura infección por un serotipo diferente. Por lo tanto, es recomendable que las autoridades de salud realicen cambios en el desarrollo de estrategias integrales con la colaboración de la comunidad, el gobierno y las autoridades de Salud, para de mejorar los programas de prevención y control de la enfermedad.
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