Guangdong province is situated in the south of China with a population size of 113.46 million. Hakka is officially recognized as a branch of Han Chinese, and She is the official minority group in mainland China. There are approximately 25 million Hakka people who mainly live in the East and North regions of China, while there are only 0.7 million She people. The genetic characterization and forensic parameters of these two groups are poorly defined (She) or still need to be explored (Hakka). In this study, we have genotyped 475 unrelated Guangdong males (260 Hakka and 215 She) with Promega PowerPlex® Y23 System. A total of 176 and 155 different alleles were observed across all 23 Y-STRs for Guangdong Hakka (with a range of allele frequencies from 0.0038 to 0.7423) and Guangdong She (0.0047–0.8605), respectively. The gene diversity ranged from 0.4877 to 0.9671 (Guangdong Hakka) and 0.3277–0.9526 (Guangdong She), while the haplotype diversities were 0.9994 and 0.9939 for Guangdong Hakka and Guangdong She, with discrimination capacity values of 0.8885 and 0.5674, respectively. With reference to geographical and linguistic scales, the phylogenetic analyses showed us that Guangdong Hakka has a close relationship with Southern Han, and the genetic pool of Guangdong Hakka was influenced by surrounding Han populations. The predominant haplogroups of the Guangdong She group were O2-M122 and O2a2a1a2-M7, while Guangdong She clustered with other Tibeto-Burman language-speaking populations (Guizhou Tujia and Hunan Tujia), which shows us that the Guangdong She group is one of the branches of Tibeto-Burman populations and the Huonie dialect of She languages may be a branch of Tibeto-Burman language families.

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The complete mitochondrial genome of Polyura narcaeus (Hewitson, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae) was sequenced in the study. The circular genome is 15,319 bp in size and includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a non-coding AT-rich region. The base composition of the whole mitogenome is 39.15% A, 42.08% T, 11.18% C and 7.59% G, showing a strong AT bias. The characteristics of encoding PCGs, rRNAs and tRNAs, as well as the non-coding intergenic spacers and overlapping sequences are nearly the same with other known butterflies. The AT-rich region also contains several features characteristic of the typical butterflies. Phylogenetic analysis distinctly showed that the family Nymphalidae was a monophyletic group, and that the newly determined Polyura narcaeus of this study was firstly sister to Polyura nepenthes, then they were clustered with Polyura arja.