ObjectiveTo describe self-reported drug use by the elderly, evaluating the occurrence of polypharmacy and the influence of sociodemographic and health conditions on the use of medications. Methods A cross-sectional study comprising a sample of 215 elderly was carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2001 and. Data on the use of medications were collected using questionnaires filled out during home visits. Drugs were classified according to the Anatomical-Therapeutical-Chemical Classification System. Results Of all respondents, 141 (66%) were women, 117 (54%) aged between 60 and 70 years old, 157 (73%) were white, 115 (53%) lived with a partner, and 145 (67%) had some schooling. The prevalence of the use of medications by the elderly was 91% (n=195). In the week previous to the interview, 697 drugs were used, an average of 3.2 drugs per person (SD= 2.5). A total of 187 (87%) subjects had attended at least one medical visit in the last year and 71 (33%) confirmed the use of over-the-counter drugs. Polypharmacy was evidenced in 57 (27%) cases. ConclusionsThere is a pattern of increased drug use by the elderly aged 60 years or more who lives in the study community and slight differences were determined by their health conditions and socioeconomic factors.
Background Although intake of fruits and vegetables seemed to have a protective effect on bone metabolism, its effect on fractures remains uncertain. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies (PROSPERO: CRD42016041462) was performed. RCTs and cohort studies that evaluated the combined intake of fruits and vegetables in men and women aged over 50 years were included. We considered fractures as a primary outcome measure. Changes in bone markers were considered as secondary outcomes. The search strategy included the following descriptors: fruit, vegetables, vegetable products, bone and bones, bone fractures, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and osteoporosis. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were the databases used. The appraisal of the studies was performed by two independent reviewers, and discussed and agreed upon by both examiners. The data extracted from the RCTs and cohort studies were summarized separately. The risks of fractures were combined across studies using random models. Bone resorption marker (CTx) was summarized with standardized mean differences. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method was used to evaluate the strength of recommendations. Results Of the 1,192 studies screened, 13 articles were included in the systematic review and 10 were included in the pooled analysis (6 cohort studies and 4 RCTs). The six cohort studies included in the meta-analysis included a population of 225,062. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of the hip in five studies was 0.92 (0.87, 0.98). Its heterogeneity was moderate (I 2 = 55.7%, p = 0.060), GRADE ( ⊕⊕⊕ O). Two cohort studies evaluated the risk of any fracture; the HR was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86–0.96), with aheterogeneity of 24.9% (p = 0.249, GRADE ( ⊕⊕⊕ O)). There was no association between the bone resorption marker CTx and 3 months of fruit and vegetable intake evaluated by four RCTs, GRADE ( ⊕⊕ O O). Conclusion There was an association between the increase of at least one serving of fruits and vegetables per day and decreases in the risk of fractures. The level of evidence for this association is moderate.
IntroduçãoO Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde/Vigilância em Saúde (PET-Saúde/VS) é promovido pelos Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação, no Brasil, e desenvolvido por universidades em parceria com as Secretarias Estaduais e/ou Municipais de Saúde 1 . Este programa foi implementado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) desde maio de 2013, disponibilizando bolsas para tutores (docentes), preceptores (profissionais dos serviços) e estudantes de graduação da área da saúde 2 , e oportunizando a realização de estudos em vigilância em saúde, ampliando a integração entre serviços de saúde e instituições de Ensino Superior.A Vigilância em Saúde (VS) constitui um processo contínuo e sistemático de coleta, consolidação, análise e disseminação de dados sobre eventos relacionados à saúde, visando o planejamento e a implementação de medidas de saúde pública para a proteção da saúde da população, a prevenção e o controle de riscos, agravos e doenças, bem como para a promoção da saúde 3 . As ações de VS abrangem toda a população brasileira e envolvem práticas e processos de trabalho voltados, dentre outras questões, para a detecção oportuna e a adoção de medidas adequadas para a resposta às emergências de saúde pública 4 .Diante do desastre ocorrido em boate de Santa Maria, em 27 de janeiro de 2013, a equipe do PET-Saúde/VS da UFSM direcionou suas atividades ao monitoramento desta situação de emergência. Os serviços de saúde municipais e da 4ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (4ª CRS) apresentaram suas necessidades por meio de seus preceptores vinculados ao PET e seus gestores. A universidade aceitou os desafios propostos pelos serviços de saúde e auxiliou na formulação e execução de projetos por meio de seus docentes (tutores) e estudantes de cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Após um ano desta integração ensino-serviço, em março de 2014, estudantes, tutores e preceptores decidiram realizar uma avaliação do programa.Entendendo que a avaliação de programas deve estar presente no planejamento, na implementação e no funcionamento dos serviços e instituições 5 , elaborou-se uma ficha para avaliar o PET-Saúde/VS da UFSM, e aplicou-se em toda a equipe. "Avaliar" significa o ato de determinar a qualidade, espaço aberto
This multicenter study aimed to investigate prescribing patterns of drugs at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics located in eight cities in the South and Midwest of Brazil. All prescriptions collected were analyzed for various items, including WHO prescribing indicators. A total of 2,411 prescriptions were analyzed, and 469 drugs were identified. The number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the frequency of polypharmacy, and the percentage of encounters with at least one injection or antibiotic prescribed were higher in centers providing primary health care services, compared to those where this type of care is not provided. Most drugs (86.1%) were prescribed by generic name. In centers with primary health care services, drug availability was higher, drugs included in the National and Municipal Lists of Essential Medicines were more frequently prescribed, and patients were given more instructions. However, warnings and non-pharmacological measures were less frequently recommended. This study reveals trends in drug prescribing at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics and indicates possible areas for improvement in prescribing practices.Keywords: Medicines/rational use. Medicines/prescription. Health Care/quality indicators. Pharmacy/ community services.Este estudo multicêntrico teve como objetivo investigar o padrão de prescrição de medicamentos para pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos em serviços de saúde vinculados a universidades com diferentes níveis de atenção, em oito cidades do sul e centro-oeste do Brasil. As prescrições coletadas foram submetidas à análise de diversos itens, incluindo os indicadores de prescrição propostos pela OMS. No total, 2.411 prescrições foram analisadas e 469 medicamentos foram identificados. O número de medicamentos prescritos por consulta, a frequência de polifarmácia e a porcentagem de consultas com pelo menos um medicamento injetável ou um antimicrobiano prescrito foram maiores em centros de saúde que ofereciam cuidados de atenção básica, em comparação com aqueles que não dispunham desse tipo de atendimento. A maioria dos medicamentos foi prescrita pelo nome genérico (86,1%). Em unidades com cuidados de atenção básica, a acessibilidade foi maior, a prescrição de medicamentos presentes nas Listas Nacional e Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais foi mais frequente e instruções foram fornecidas aos pacientes mais comumente. Entretanto, advertências e medidas não farmacológicas foram indicadas com menor frequência. Este estudo revela tendências de prescrição de medicamentos em serviços de
This study compared the Municipal Essential Medicines Lists (REMUME)
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