Actuations triggered by light strongly depend on the energy density of light, energy conversion efficiency and actuator dimensions. Therefore, understanding the energy-conversion routes is crucial for effective photoresponsive actuations. As illustrated in Table 1, several actuating schemes have been demonstrated in carbon-based soft materials, including indirect light-to-work-conversion with heat energy, electric energy and chemical energy introduced as intermediate energy sources and

Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like characteristics which overcome the limitations of natural enzymes such as high cost, low stability and difficulty to large scale preparation. Nanozymes combine the advantages of chemical catalysts and natural enzymes together, and have exhibited great potential in biomedical applications. However, the size controllable synthesis and targeting modifications of nanozymes are still challenging. Here, we introduce ferritin nanozymes to solve these problems. Ferritins are natural nanozymes which exhibit intrinsic enzyme-like activities (e.g. ferroxidase, peroxidase). In addition, by biomimetically synthesizing nanozymes inside the ferritin protein shells, artificial ferritin nanozymes are introduced, which possess the advantages of versatile self-assembly ferritin nanocage and enzymatic activity of nanozymes. Ferritin nanozymes provide a new horizon for the development of nanozyme in disease targeted theranostics research. The emergence of ferritin nanozyme also inspires us to learn from the natural nanostructures to optimize or rationally design nanozymes. In this review, the intrinsic enzyme-like activities of ferritin and bioengineered synthesis of ferritin nanozyme were summarized. After that, the applications of ferritin nanozymes were covered. Finally, the advantages, challenges and future research directions of advanced ferritin nanozymes for biomedical research were discussed.

A new-style pour point depressant (PPD) for crude oil was prepared by mixing the aminated copolymer and the composite commercial ethylene−vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) in fixed proportion. The aminated copolymer was synthesized by amination of terpolymer copolymerized with monomers octadecyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, and vinyl acetate. Moreover, the aminated copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The interaction between components of the crude oil and the PPD was investigated by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and cross-polarized light microscopy. The results showed that the PPD could form asphaltene−PPD−resin agglomerates. The new agglomerates became the efficient nucleator of the crude oil beneficiated with PPD. They changed the process of wax crystallization and greatly depressed the pour point of the crude oil.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as potential light emitting polymers for optoelectronic and optical devices, but their nonlinear optical properties, particularly two-photon absorption and fluorescence (TPA/TPF), have seldom been explored. Herein, to construct octupolar three-branched modules (e.g., acceptor 3-(donor-core), triphenylbenzene core) within a 2D cyano-sp 2 c-conjugated framework is proposed that results in two-photon luminescent COFs, combining a large TPA cross section and high quantum yield (QY). Such octupolar module-embedded sp 2 c-conjugated COFs emit not only intense one-photon fluorescence with QY of 27.2% in the solid state and 38.1% in tetrahydrofuran-superior to almost all reported COFs, but also efficient two-photon fluorescence with large TPA cross section of 1225 GM-remarkably surpassing the corresponding cyano-sp 2 c-linked model compounds (104 GM). The finding highlights the synergy between sp 2 c-conjugated framework and octupolar modules that leads to markedly improved TPA response owing to extended conjugated length, enhanced planarity and multidimensional intramolecular interaction. In view of the versatility of the branched chromophore, the proposed design idea is expected to be used to exploit more two-photon active COF materials for a range of applications. Multiple uses of the COF in information encryption and warm white lightemitting diodes are also exemplified.