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The formation of native point defects in cuprous oxide, Cu 2 O, synthesized from solution has been studied by first-principles calculations. Although p-type conduction is obtained in Cu 2 O synthesized from vacuum regardless of copper-rich or oxygen-rich conditions, intrinsically n-type Cu 2 O without doping can be grown in a strong acidic environment from solution. Our calculations show that both n-type and p-type Cu 2 O can be obtained depending on the solution pH value, which are in good agreement with our experimental results.

A series of novel, highly potent, selective, and ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors based on a benzoxazepine scaffold have been identified. Lead optimization resulted in the discovery of inhibitors with low nanomolar activity and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over the closely related PI3K kinases. Compound 28 (XL388) inhibited cellular phosphorylation of mTOR complex 1 (p-p70S6K, pS6, and p-4E-BP1) and mTOR complex 2 (pAKT (S473)) substrates. Furthermore, this compound displayed good pharmacokinetics and oral exposure in multiple species with moderate bioavailability. Oral administration of compound 28 to athymic nude mice implanted with human tumor xenografts afforded significant and dose-dependent antitumor activity.

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