Corneal transplantation has been used to treat severe eye disease for decades, but the therapeutic effect of the operation is highly compromised by immunological allograft rejection. To improve the success rate of corneal transplantation, we studied the protective effects of cyclosporine nanomicelle eye drops (CNED) on immune rejection after high-risk corneal transplantation and its underlying mechanisms. The therapeutic effects against immune rejection of both conventional cyclosporine eye drop (CCED) and CNED in different concentrations were assessed and compared using animal models of corneal transplantation. In addition, the expression of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) as well as its target intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in the corneal samples obtained from recipients treated with either CCED or CNED was also screened. The results showed that the CNED displayed significantly better effects at suppressing the immune response induced by corneal transplantation compared to CCED. CNED also significantly down-regulated the NF-κB and ICAM-1 expressions, indicating NF-κB might play an important role in the initiation of an immune response against the allograft. Our study demonstrates CNED may suppress the NF-κB pathway to attenuate the immune response, which highlights the possible therapeutic applications of cyclosporine nanomicelle eye drops in corneal transplantation. Key words cyclosporine; nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB); corneal allograft transplantation; intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)Corneal transplantation is the most successful form of solid tissue grafting that serves as a crucial therapy in treating blindness clinically.1) Immunological allograft rejection is considered to be the leading cause of corneal graft failure. Though the 5-year survival rate of low-risk keratoplasty is approximately 90%, the survival rate of high-risk keratoplasty remains below 50% due to immune-mediated rejection even with maximal local immune suppression.2) The high-risk allograft host is characterized by vascularized and inflamed recipient beds, and the pre-existing corneal blood and lymphatic vessels in recipient beds were identified as the primary risk factors for immunological allograft rejection.3) Blood vessels circulates nutrients, oxygen and cells in blood vasculature while lymphatic vessels deliver antigenic materials and donor-derived antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes, subsequently inducing immune response against the corneal transplant. 4)Pharmacotherapy for corneal allograft rejection has considerably reduced the rate of graft failure. However, the therapeutic strategy based on corticosteroids remains unimproved over the past decades.5) Multiple side effects of corticosteroids have been observed including cataracts, glaucoma and opportunistic infections, and the EC 50 of the drug varies in either the prevention or the treatment of allograft rejection. 6) Considering the high failure rate of transplantation and the low efficiency of current treatment strategy, the devel...

explorating reform of the teaching evaluation method for vocational competency-based education (cBe) curricula for medical students is a very important process in following international medical education standards, intensify ing education and teaching reforms, enhancing teaching management, and improving the quality of medical education. this article gives the background on establishing the course in medical linguistics and its content, and introduces the qualitative research method in education science and its application in reforming the teaching evaluation method in medical linguistics courses.It must be emphasized that medical talent is the first resource used to promote a career in health care. The principles of both medical education and talent development must be followed faithfully. How can we evaluate teaching of the curricula for medical students' vocational competency-based education (CBE)? Of course, the evaluation mode should be different from the one traditionally employed for curricula focused on professional knowledge. In recent years, however, much importance has been attached to improving medical students' vocational CBE by Chinese and overseas medical education [1]. medical students, it becomes very important to explore the reform of methods to evaluate teaching of vocational CBE curricula to conform to international medical education standards, intensify the education and teaching reform, enhance teaching management, and improve medical education quality. Therefore, this article presents a successful teaching evaluation method for vocational CBE curricula since reforming teaching evaluation of medical linguistics courses for medical students by using the qualitative research method in education science.

Against a background of problems in delivering rural health care in the Jiujiang district of China, this paper outlines the development of a relevant 3-year SSO (Strengthening the training of clinical skills, Strengthening preventive medicine education, and Optimizing curricular structure) programme at Jiujiang Medical College (JMC). Some comparisons between JMC and the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIUSM) are made, and the possibility of applying problem-based learning to JMC is discussed.