This study examines whether the market values financial statement data differently if it is disclosed instead of recognized in the body of the financial statements. We identify a sample of 229 SFAS No. 106 adopters who disclose an estimate of their anticipated liability for retiree benefits other than pensions (PRB) in their financial reports prior to the year of recognition. We then test whether the disclosed estimate of the PRB liability is valued differently by the market than is the subsequently recognized PRB liability. We provide modest and model-sensitive evidence that the recognized PRB liability receives more weight than the disclosed liability in market value association tests.

<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This paper develops an integrated risk management decision framework that provides insights into the many factors that are involved in controlling and managing risk for accounting firms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Borrowing from the areas of insurance economics, crime and punishment, accounting, and organization theory, factors are identified that affect the demand for risk reduction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The interaction and application of three different components of risk reduction (market insurance, self-insurance, and self-protection) within the context of risk reduction decision-making are examined. </span></p>

Prior research document significant relationships between task characteristics and employee affective outcomes. However, there have been difficulties with implementing the findings of this task characteristics research in real life due to the absence of organizational context variables in these studies. The argument has been made that effective job design should emphasize task design (task characteristics) that is in congruence with surrounding organizational context and subsystems. The current study proposes an integrated task context model and then tests a subset of the model using organizational inflexibility and perceived environmental uncertainty to proxy for organizational context. The results of structural equation modeling confirm the existence of a joint effect of task characteristics and perceived environmental uncertainty on job performance among public accountants.