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Objectives Gun violence is a significant problem in the United States of America. Gun violence produces lifelong psychological adversity, trauma, and grief. In the face of this epidemic, efficacious therapies that assuage gun violence-based trauma and negative health are lacking. Methods The proposed, longitudinal pilot experiment examined the effects of an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on traumatized individuals as a direct consequence of gun violence. Twenty-four victims of gun violence (median age = 53 years; 21 female) completed measures of the primary outcome: trauma. Secondary outcomes were characterized as grief, depression, sleep quality, life satisfaction, and mindfulness. All assessments were administered before, after 5, and 8 weeks of MBSR training. It was hypothesized that trauma and other comorbidities would improve following MBSR. It was also predicted that outcomes would be significantly stronger from baseline to 5 weeks of MBSR training than from 5 to 8 weeks of training. Results Before MBSR, volunteers exhibited high levels of trauma, depression, sleep difficulty, and grief. Participation in MBSR was associated with improved trauma, depression, sleep difficulty, and life satisfaction. The most pronounced improvements in psychological disposition were exhibited within the first 5 weeks of MBSR. However, these benefits were largely preserved after completion of the course. Importantly, increases in dispositional mindfulness predicted lower trauma, complicated grief, and sleep difficulties. Conclusions The present findings should be interpreted with caution because they were derived from an uncontrolled, non-randomized trial. However, said findings suggest that MBSR may reduce trauma and improve overall well-being in gun violence victims.

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Empathy is characterized as the ability to share ones experience. Recent findings indicate that the anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC) and insular cortices play a role in empathy. For example, insular lesions lead to less empathetic behaviors. Further, neuroimaging studies revealed that viewing and/or mentalizing a romantic partner in pain produces higher aMCC and anterior insula activation. Said studies employed blood oxygen level dependent fMRI that may be less sensitive to comprehensively capture tonic empathetic responses to pain. Others have found that empathy for pain can elucidate self-other processing in pain-related brain regions (thalamus; somatosensory cortices). The present study investigated the differential neural empathetic responses elicited by viewing, in real-time, a female volunteers romantic partner (> 3 months) as compared to a stranger (laboratory technician) receive pain-evoking noxious heat during arterial spin labeling (ASL) fMRI acquisition. Based on prior work, we predicted that higher empathy would be associated with higher pain-related processing. Twenty-nine healthy females (mean age = 29 years) were administered a noxious heat series (ten, 8s 48C plateaus; 240 seconds; left forearm) during ASL fMRI (3T GE MR750). Female volunteers, during fMRI acquisition, then viewed, with an MRI-compatible mirror, a stranger (laboratory technician) and then her romantic partner receive the same heat series in the MRI room. Visual analog scale (VAS; 0 = not unpleasant to 10 = extremely unpleasant) ratings for empathy (0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain imaginable) were collected from all participants after each scan. As predicted, female volunteers reported 33% higher empathy while viewing their romantic partner receive noxious heat as compared to the stranger (p = 0.01). Higher empathy ratings for the romantic partner, as compared to the stranger, were associated with greater activation in the dorsoposterior precuneus and the visual cortex. The present findings are the first to demonstrate that perfusion fMRI can be used to reliably capture empathetic processes and revealed novel insights in the role of the precuneus, a central node of the default mode network, in empathy and suggest that self-embodiment the experience of another is associated with higher empathy.