En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de caracterizar las propuestas de enseñanza de los textos oficiales de Física en Chile de 7.º básico a 2.º medio, con el propósito de identificar factores de naturaleza curricular que dificultan el paso de los estudiantes de educación básica a educación media, y que obstaculizan el logro de los aprendizajes esperados declarados en los programas de estudio. Para ello usamos como marco teórico la teoría antropológica de lo didáctico (Chevallard, 1999), en particular la noción de praxeología. Fruto de dicho análisis pudimos establecer un fenómeno didáctico que denominamos «la desmatematización de las propuestas de enseñanza de la Física en la enseñanza secundaria». Creemos que este no es un hecho aislado de Chile y que puede ser un fenómeno didáctico de carácter más general, tal y como lo enuncia Chevallard (2013).
This study aimed to design and validate an instrument as a guideline for classroom observation and analysis of teaching–learning process in mathematics. The instrument considers 3 dimensions and 16 subdimensions with a gender perspective. A content validity process by eight expert judges is presented, built from a dialectical work between theory and empirical evidence from more than 100 classes observed and recorded on video from 19 educational centers. The degree of agreement between experts was determined with Fleiss Kappa and Kendall coefficients. Experts’ judgement scored each dimension from 1 to 3. Globally, an almost perfect strength of agreement was obtained in 6 of 16 dimensions with x¯>2.5, and in the other 10 dimensions, a strength of agreement was obtained between moderate and almost perfect, 2.14≤x¯≤2.5. Fleiss Kappa coefficients were highest in relevance and clarity, κ = 0.425, 95% CI [0.344, 0.506], p < 0.001 and, κ = 0.461, 95% CI [0.375, 0.548], p < 0.001, respectively. Moreover, the degree of clarity, coherence, sufficiency, and relevance was statistically moderately agreed upon in their assessments, with an overall Kendall’s W = 0.489, p < 0.001.
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