Abstract.We investigate the coupling between neutral hydrogen atoms and protons in the corona for a range of proton temperatures reaching a maximum of 6 x 10 • K, as recently inferred from observations of the Ly a spectral line profiles by Kohl et al. [1996]. We adopt the approach used by Olsen et al.

S U M M A R YJupiter and Saturn emit nearly twice the thermal energy they receive from the Sun. Although insolation decreases toward the poles, the large-scale outward heat flux is nearly uniform, with smaller-scale latitudinal undulations that correlate with the zonal jet streams. Here we present numerical models of rapidly rotating, turbulent 3-D convection in geometrically thin, uniformly forced layers of Boussinesq fluid that approximate the deep convection zones of Jupiter and Saturn. In previous studies we have demonstrated that such models generate zonal flows comparable to those observed on the gas giants. By analysing the simulated patterns of convective heat transfer, we show here that deep convection in the gas giants can explain the anomalously uniform large-scale thermal emissions as well as the jet-scale variations. In particular, we find that convective heat transfer by quasi-geostrophic thermal plumes in relatively thin spherical shell geometry generates an outward heat flow pattern with a broad equatorial minimum and peaks at the poles. The results suggest an alternative to the hypothesis that insolation controls the large-scale patterns of heat flux and zonal flow on the gas giants. Instead, we propose that the large-scale thermal and zonal flow fields originate deep within the planets' molecular envelopes.

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ObjectiveAchilles tendinopathy is a common type of overuse condition, with isolated eccentric loading (ECL) programmes being the principal conservative treatment of choice. However, alternative protocols, involving different contraction types, have more recently been investigated. The purpose of the present review was to examine the evidence from studies comparing two or more different types of loading programmes in relation to patient‐reported outcomes for people with Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsA systematic review was undertaken, and the risk of bias of included papers were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. An electronic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase and SPORTDiscus was undertaken from their inception to May 2018. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies were randomized controlled or clinical controlled trials investigating two or more different loading programmes for chronic (>3 months) Achilles tendinopathy.ResultsSeven articles were included in the review. Low‐quality evidence exists that a do‐as‐tolerated modification of the Alfredson programme is more effective than the standardized programme at improving function in the short term. Very‐low‐quality evidence suggests that ECL is superior at reducing pain levels than concentric in isolation, but no more effective at improving pain or disability than concentric–eccentric programmes.ConclusionsThere is conflicting evidence regarding the superiority of ECL over other contraction types, challenging the current approach to managing Achilles tendinopathy. There is also evidence that do‐as‐tolerated repetition volumes are more effective at improving function in the short term compared with those recommended by the standardized Alfredson protocol.

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