Koroma xviii Foreword by Yves Sandoz xx Acknowledgements xxv Introduction xxxi List of Abbreviations lviii Part I. THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION Chapter 1. Distinction between Civilians and Combatants 3 Rule 1. The Principle of Distinction between Civilians and Combatants 3 Rule 2. Violence Aimed at Spreading Terror among the Civilian Population 8 Rule 3. Definition of Combatants 11 Rule 4. Definition of Armed Forces 14 Rule 5. Definition of Civilians 17 Rule 6. Loss of Protection from Attack 19 Chapter 2. Distinction between Civilian Objects and Military Objectives 25 Rule 7. The Principle of Distinction between Civilian Objects and Military Objectives 25 Rule 8. Definition of Military Objectives 29 Rule 9. Definition of Civilian Objects 32 Rule 10. Loss of Protection from Attack 34 Chapter 3. Indiscriminate Attacks 37 Rule 11. Indiscriminate Attacks 37 Rule 12. Definition of Indiscriminate Attacks 40 Rule 13. Area Bombardment 43 Chapter 4. Proportionality in Attack 46 Rule 14. Proportionality in Attack 46 Contents Chapter 5. Precautions in Attack Rule 15.

Interpretation of the reference to 'territory' in the ICCPR provision 10 1.2.3 Application where there is no jurisdiction clause 11 1.2.4 Meaning of'jurisdiction 12 1.2.5 Where the State has lost control of parts of its national territory 13 1.2.6 Control of another State's territory as a result of military action 14 1.2.7 Responsibility for transfers to other States 18 1.2.8 Control or decisive effect over persons outside own territory 18 1.2.9 Activities affecting persons outside the States bound by a regional treaty 21 42 2.3.2 Interpretation of ESCR by the African Commission 46 2.3.3 Hybrid obligations 46 2.4 The requirement of non-discrimination 49 2.4.1 Treaty provisions 49 2.4.2 Meaning of'discrimination' 52 2.4.3 Distinctions based on nationality 54 2.4.4

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