Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a disorder where frequent use of pain medication leads to an unhealthy circular process of persistent headache and increased medication intake. 1 This results in severe disability affecting all aspects of life. 2 MOH is considered a biobehavioral disorder, with both biological and psychological factors contributing to the onset. Hence, targeting both factors in treatment Objectives: Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is recognized as a biobehavioural disorder, warranting that both biological and psychological factors are targeted throughout treatment. A psychological factor of importance may be personality that could be used to tailor treatment if differences are found across headache diagnoses. The objectives were as follows: (a) To investigate if migraine patients and patients with MOH differed on personality traits, (b) To investigate if the two headache groups differed from a Danish normative sample, with respect to personality traits. Materials and Methods: The NEO-Five-Factor Inventory was completed, and an agematched cohort of episodic migraine patients (n = 94) and MOH patients (n = 94) was included. Multivariate regression models and sex-stratified comparisons were made on patients' raw scores from five personality traits; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The headache groups were also compared to personality traits from a Danish normative sample (n = 1032).Results: MOH females obtained significantly lower scores on extraversion (24.4 ± 4.3 vs 27.1 ± 7.2, P < 0.01), openness (23.7 ± 3.9 vs 26.2 ± 6.4, P < 0.01), and conscientiousness (28.9 ± 3.7 vs 34.6 ± 5.8, P > 0.01) as compared to female migraineurs.Males showed no differences. Compared to the normative sample, both headache groups showed a lower score on extraversion (P < 0.01). Furthermore, MOH patients had statistically significant lower scores on conscientiousness while the migraine patients had a higher score. Conclusion:Results suggests some personality trait differences between migraine and MOH patients. Especially, females showed different personality traits, where the MOH females appeared more introvert and less socially orientated. If confirmed in larger studies, this information could be used in personalized treatment in clinical practice.

BackgroundFactors associated with development of medication-overuse headache (MOH) in migraine patients are not fully understood, but with respect to prevention, the ability to predict the onset of MOH is clinically important. The aims were to examine if personality characteristics, disability and physical activity level are associated with the onset of MOH in a group of migraine patients and explore to which extend these factors combined can predict the onset of MOH.MethodsThe study was a single-center prospective observational study of migraine patients. At inclusion, all patients completed questionnaires evaluating 1) personality (NEO Five-Factor Inventory), 2) disability (Migraine Disability Assessment), and 3) physical activity level (Physical Activity Scale 2.1). Diagnostic codes from patients’ electronic health records confirmed if they had developed MOH during the study period of 20 months. Analyses of associations were performed and to identify which of the variables predict onset MOH, a multivariable least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression model was fitted to predict presence or absence of MOH.ResultsOut of 131 participants, 12 % (n=16) developed MOH. Migraine disability score (OR=1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.04), intensity of headache (OR=1.49, 95 % CI: 1.03 to 2.15) and headache frequency (OR=1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.04) were associated with the onset of MOH adjusting for age and gender. To identify which of the variables predict onset MOH, we used a LASSO regression model, and evaluating the predictive performance of the LASSO-mode (containing the predictors MIDAS score, MIDAS-intensity and –frequency, neuroticism score, time with moderate physical activity, educational level, hours of sleep daily and number of contacts to the headache clinic) in terms of area under the curve (AUC) was weak (apparent AUC=0.62, 95% CI: 0.41-0.82).ConclusionDisability, headache intensity and frequency were associated with the onset of MOH whereas personality and the level of physical activity were not. The multivariable LASSO model based on personality, disability and physical activity is applicable despite moderate study size, however it can be considered as a weak classifier for discriminating between absence and presence of MOH.

Background:Little is known about the effects of non-pharmacological interventions among medication-overuse headache (MOH) patients, although non-pharmacological approaches combined with pharmacological treatment are recommended. The objective was to evaluate the effect of an educational programme as an add-on to standard treatment. Methods: Medication-overuse headache patients were randomized (1:1) in a singlecentre setting to standard treatment with 12 weeks of education (I-group) versus standard treatment (C-group). The primary outcome was measurement of reduction in headache days/last month at 9 months' follow-up. Secondary outcomes were headache intensity, acute medication intake, bothersomeness, disability, physical activity and patient satisfaction. The between-group differences were analysed using a mixedeffects model for repeated measurements with a between group factor (I-group vs. C-group) and a time factor (baseline, 4 and 9 months). Results: Ninety-eight patients were randomized (I-group: n = 48, C-group: n = 50), with 40 and 39 patients completing the study, respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that both groups experienced statistically significant reductions in headache days/last month (I-group: −4 ± 6 days (95% CI 2.47; 5.95), p < .001) versus C-group: −4 ± 9 days ([95% CI 1.53; 6.79], p = .003), but there were no significant differences between groups (mean ± SE):Δ: 0.7 days ([95% CI, −2.50; 3.93], p = .66). At follow-up, 85% from the I-group and 86% from C-group, no longer fulfilled the criteria for MOH. Conclusion: The compliance rate was high, indicating that patients were motivated for receiving education, but we found no additional benefits of adding an educational programme to standard treatment. Future research focusing on the MOH complexity, group heterogeneity, duration and content of educational programmes is warranted. Significance: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of non-pharmacological intervention such as patient educational programmes are of great importance, as this approach is common in the clinical practice. Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a heterogenetic patient group, which must be taken into account when conducting RCTs of non-pharmacological interventions. An educational programme based on Motivational Interviewing is well-tolerated among MOH patients, however, no 436 | MOSE Et al. | Study population and recruitmentAll patients were recruited from the Headache Clinic at University Hospital of Southern Denmark, between October 2015 and July 2017. Eligible patients were aged superior effects were found from adding the educational programme to standard treatment versus standard treatment alone. the

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