With greater awareness and social acceptance, increasing numbers of transgender individuals are presenting for gender-affirming hormone treatment. There should be a full psychosocial assessment by an experienced clinician before hormone treatment is considered.People assigned as males at birth who transition to female gender are transgender females. Their management includes an estrogen plus an anti-androgen.People assigned as females at birth who transition to male gender are transgender males. Their hormone treatment is testosterone.Treatment is titrated so that hormone concentrations are equivalent to the physiological concentrations of the preferred gender. This aims to minimise adverse effects.Many decades of experience with gender-affirming hormone treatment have been accumulated and several guidelines published. [2][3][4][5] Although prescribing remains off label, treatments are relatively straightforward and safe, resembling those used for postmenopausal women or hypogonadal men.

SUMMARY Current first-line antiretroviral therapy comprises a combination of drugs that are generally well tolerated. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, renal and liver toxicity, rhabdomyolysis, hyperlipidaemia, weight gain and neuropsychiatric disorders Most drug–drug interactions related to antiretroviral therapy involve drug absorption, metabolism or elimination. Some interactions may increase toxicity or reduce the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy potentially resulting in treatment failure Routinely checking for adverse drug effects and potential drug–drug interactions is an important part of the care of people taking antiretroviral therapy. This includes asking about the patient’s use of over-the-counter and complementary medicines

The HIV Netherlands, Australia, Thailand Research Collaboration continued its commitment to regional education and training by holding the 16th Bangkok International Symposium on HIV Medicine this January. The conference comprised plenary sessions and workshops attended by over 600 clinicians and researchers. Sessions were presented by local and international speakers who are leaders in their fields, providing a comprehensive review of the management of HIV infection and opportunistic infections, and the latest advances in research into HIV treatment, vaccination and cure. Included for the first time were three free preconference workshops titled Biostatistics, Sexually Transmitted Infections in MSM and Nutrition. This article summarizes some of the more thought-provoking and topical sessions.