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The main indicator characterizing the occupational risk of health disorders is occupational morbidity, which directly depends on working conditions. In this regard, it is necessary to study working conditions, the peculiarities of the formation of occupational diseases at enterprises of various sectors of the economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the subsequent development and implementation of targeted measures to create safe working conditions and preserve the health of workers. The study aims to consider working conditions, dynamics, and structure of occupational morbidity among employees of enterprises in various sectors of the economy. The scientists carried out socio-hygienic studies on the working conditions occupational morbidity in the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2015-2020 based on official state statistics, reporting forms, and analytical materials. We have found that the employees of enterprises engaged in mining and manufacturing have the highest risk of health disorders. In the structure of occupational diseases in workers of the main sectors of the economy in 2015-2019, conditions from the effects of physical overload and overstrain of individual organs and systems prevailed. In 2020, due to a new coronavirus infection, occupational diseases had acute forms mainly caused by a biological factor in medical workers. The obtained results can serve as a basis for the development of measures aimed at creating safe working conditions, preventing the development of occupational diseases, and preserving the health of employees in enterprises of the various economic sectors.